Abstract
This paper addresses issues in collective bargaining theory, particularly the impact of aspects of American culture (individualism, self-determination) on the efficacy of collective bargaining, particularly the positional model. It also proposes alternative models, such as consensus and mediation.

Tags:AMERICAN STUDIES AND HISTORY / CULTURE AND SOCIETY, culture cooperative tactics

Abstract
This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cooperative learning, an educational method that aims to let the student experience learning not only with the teacher, but with other students as well. The paper describes the goals of cooperative learning, including the very positive aspects of this approach. Additionally, the negative aspects of cooperative learning, which can become impediments to student learning and the teacher's role, are also presented. The author concludes that these conflicting findings in the literature suggest that as a new technique in teaching, cooperative learning still has a long way to go in making a significant improvement to a student's educational development.

From the Paper
"Defined as an "instructional method in which students work in small groups to accomplish a common learning goal under the guidance of the teacher," cooperative learning has been applied to educational institutions for its advantages, such as increased interaction among students, collaborative learning, and development of students' interpersonal and group skills as they accomplish a particular task or activity (Lin, 2006:34-5). In the texts that follow, the researcher provides an in-depth discussion and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages that cooperative learning has with regards to student learning and as a teaching method."

Tags:cooperative, learning, education, students, group, work, comptetition

Abstract
This research paper begins with an introduction to cooperative learning strategy. The author then chose three articles that show how research over the years examine the way cooperative learning in bilingual classrooms benefits limited English proficient students and what activities teachers can integrate in classrooms in order to meet the needs of diverse language learners. The summary of the articles is followed by a discussion, specific examples of the implications for classroom practice, and ways that one can apply theory to practice.

From the Paper
"It is a challenge today for educators to meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students. Yet, cooperative learning instructional strategy is found to be one of the most effective ways to promote successful academic achievement, language acquisition, and social development for English language learners. When classroom activities are meaningful, interesting, and relevant, learning is occurring at every level. In successfully organized groups, language minority students will gain proficiency in English, and their native language."

Tags:bilingual, cooperative, education, english, groups, language, learners, learning, minority, strategy, students

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the case of the Nestle Company, whose marketing tactics for infant formula included sending women dressed as nurses to provide information on the product and providing free samples to new mothers. These actions are assessed in light of Kantian and Rawlsian theory. The writer calls for Christian principles to be applied in marketing.

From the Paper
"The Nestle Company has long been involved in manufacturing and marketing infant formula to mothers who are unable to breastfeed their babies. However the company's marketing tactics came under ethical scrutiny when Nestle was found to have engaged in a number of practices that the Protein Advisory Group or PAG took issue with. The company had sent women dressed as nurses to villages to promote the use of infant formula, had given free samples of the formula to women in the hospital for ..."

Tags:Nestle, marketing tactics, Kant, Rawls, categorical imperative, nurses, infant, Christian principles

Abstract
The following paper will argue that any description of cross-cultural similarities and differences is best founded on a consideration mainly of culture-specific dimensions rather than culture-general dimensions; beyond that (and just as importantly), if one wishes to be competent in cross-cultural communication and learning, a firm grasp of culture-specific dimensions is critical. With that in mind, the following paper will look at how emphasis upon culture-general dimensions can lead someone to overlooking the subtleties that distinguish various cultures. The paper will also, in the interests of fairness, highlight how knowledge of culture-general dimensions can allow someone to feel "more at home" in an alien culture - and it can humanize others in the minds of a person traveling to a new location for the first time. Lastly, the essay ends by returning to its support of culture-general communication by citing the time saved, by making it easier to distinguish the "real" commonalities between cultures, and because it makes possible more experiential opportunities.

From the Paper
Intercultural Study: Why Descriptions of Cross Cultural similarities and differences are best founded on consideration mainly of culture-specific dimensions rather than culture-general dimensions The following paper will argue that any description of cross-cultural similarities and differences is best founded on a consideration mainly of culture-specific dimensions rather than culture-general dimensions; beyond that (and just as importantly), if one wishes to be competent in cross-cultural communication and learning, a firm grasp of culture-specific dimensions is critical. With that in mind, the following paper will look at how emphasis upon culture-general dimensions can lead

Tags:specific, dimensions, culture

Abstract
The representation of popular culture is, it may be argued, as much revealing of the critic as of popular culture itself. While popular culture is, by definition, a culture created and shared by a large portion of the population, popular culture has also historically been criticized in gendered and condescending language. In this context, the thesis will be argued that the significance of David McGimpsey's collection Hamburger Valley, California lies in its deep, if sometimes critical and ambivalent, thematic participation in American popular culture.

From the Paper
Popular Culture in Hamburger Valley, California: The Poet as Participant The representation of popular culture is, it may be argued, as much revealing of the critic as of popular culture itself. While popular culture is, by definition, a culture created and shared by a large portion of the population, popular culture has also historically been criticized in gendered and condescending language. In this context, the thesis will be argued that the significance of David McGimpsey's collection Hamburger Valley, California lies in its deep, if sometimes critical and ambivalent, thematic participation in American popular culture.

Tags:literature, culture, poetry

Abstract
The paper discusses how the media is the creator and perpetuator of celebrity culture and argues that when our fascination with the culture dies out we will see that it is lacking meaning. The paper looks at how
a certain amount of preoccupation with the rich and famous has been around for centuries and how Princess Diana was a key in the formation of the persistent and intrusive celebrity culture. The paper also points to Marilyn Monroe and how her death was a triggering event in the formation of a celebrity. The paper then contends that people who subscribe to celebrity culture don't follow celebrities because they care about them, but because they hope to be the first to know of the next big scandal. The paper further contends that the undeserved attention given to people who don't deserve the sort of merit they are receiving is the reason why our celebrity culture is turning into a cheap culture.

From the Paper
"Celebrity culture has changed drastically since the days of Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, or even Marlon Brando. At one time celebrities were the "untouchables"; not only could you not get close to them, but they seemed like something from another world as well. Celebrity culture is a relatively new thing in that the media has turned celebrity culture into a bit of a joke; before the media and the paparazzi became such insatiable hounds, celebrity culture - of course - existed, but it wasn't viewed as trivial and meaningless and as detriment to our society as a whole. Our increasing fascination with celebrity culture and status is an effect of globalization; as our worlds are becoming closer and smaller, we feel the desire to be closer. Globalization plays a significant role in celebrity culture; media fuels celebrity culture and if it weren't for the very people who purchased these forms of media, celebrity culture would cease to exist and it is these very forms of media that over the decades have turned celebrities like the eloquent and classy Princess Diana turn into the scandalous and taboo like Britney Spears."

Tags:Princess, Diana, Marilyn, Monroe, Madonna, scandals, media, culture

Abstract
The paper states that it is not complicated to find some globalized places such as airline terminals, international hotels or CNN business news revealing the effects of globalization and its repercussions on our understanding of culture in the modern world. The paper relates that through the growing of global interconnections and the processes of ideas and global goods crossing national borders, cultures fuse across the globe. The paper also discusses the presence of English as an international language, and a homogenization of culture. The paper confirms that, culture is a set of values and practices characterized by its particularity, which nevertheless needs universal criteria as a reference to justify this particularity. It is also crucial to define culture as an "encompassing" concept and to keep in mind that it is difficult to know what is cultural.

From the Paper
"In addition, a shared global culture is also relevant as a global dissemination of an American or Western culture. Indeed the processes of globalization are providing fuel for a cultural imperialism, that is to say a global culture liable to be a hegemonic culture. Thus the assertion of a shared global culture seems to be linked to what Friedman describes as "the increasing hegemony of particular central cultures, the diffusion of American values, consumers goods and lifestyles" (Friedman, 1994: 195). The diffusion of dominant standard icons and references such as MacDonald's, Coca-Cola leads to think about an obvious Americanization. In a word, cultures are both confronted by a global dominance of the western culture and by the practices of global capitalism. The result is probably a decrease of cultural differences: a process which undeniably worked to the advantage of the USA and others Western nations. A striking example of this tendency of cultural imperialism is the United Nations Educations Scientific and Cultural Organization's call for a "new world information and communication order" and its politics on global culture."

Tags:shared, global, culture, diversity, national, differences, cultural, homogenization, synchronisation, cultural, proliferation

Abstract
The question, What is popular culture and how does it relate to Eastern and Western societies? is an apparently simple query that conceals a complex range of social cultural and economic aspects. This essay examines this question, beginning with a provisional definition of popular culture and an attempt to distinguish it from other cultural forms such as high culture and mass culture. The thesis is argued that popular culture is, in its fundamental elements, a commercial culture that is dependent to an extraordinary degree upon the mass media as a technological vehicle for its messages and products.

Tags:pop, culture, asia

Abstract
The paper explains how every organization has its culture and like any other culture, the organizational culture is composed of group interactions within a structured framework. The paper discusses how an organizational culture possesses similar features to any other culture owning folklore heroes, communications network and rites and rituals. The paper notes that like any other culture, an organizational culture must be carefully maintained in order to prevent it from breaking down.

Tags:collaborative, educational, culture