Abstract
This paper provides a brief discussion of the transmission of culture among civilizations due to the forces of war, trade, and migration. The various influences among Mesopotamia, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and U.S. cultures are discussed.

From the Paper
"Since the beginnings of Ancient Civilization, culture has been transmitted from one society to another through various means. War, trade, migration and other forces are responsible for the transmission of culture that is reflected in the architecture, art, government structure and other aspects of society. This analysis will provide a brief discussion of how war, trade and migration have been responsible for cultural transmission in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome and the United States. In Ancient Civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome, war, trade and migration..."

Tags:art, architecture, values, government, Colosseum, Parthenon, Thanksgiving, Pilgrims

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of a very specific issue: the transmission of the HIV virus by African women who breastfeed their infants. The problem is complex, and includes a host of issues, the main one being cultural.

Tags:hiv, transmission, breastfeeding

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes AIDS in Tropical Africa. Issues covered include recent statistics relating to different countries within Africa, spatial distribution and patterns of spread, and an evaluation of the social, cultural, and behavioral reasons why AIDS is spreading so rapidly. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies for prevention, projects to reduce the spread of AIDS, and the use of drugs in AIDS treatments in Africa.

Tags:transmission, aids, africa

Abstract
This paper examines Philip Curtin's critically-acclaimed text, "Cross-Cultural Trade in World History". In particular, the paper evaluates a significant issue found within the body of the text and analyzes Curtin's treatment of it. The paper also provides the author's personal opinion on the subject. In addition, the paper emphasizes Curtin's point that trade among peoples never entails merely the exchange of goods; rather, it entails the creation of cultural linkages, as well as the forging of new ideas courtesy of the collision of different modes of thinking.

From the Paper
"To close, this paper has looked at cross-cultural trade as discussed in Philip D. Curtin's excellent 1984 text, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Although Curtin does seem to fall short in some respects - he clearly fails to draw links between the past and the present at appropriate times (at least in the view of this writer) - the book is an excellent "run-down" of cross-cultural trade and how cultural, intellectual and (more arguably) technological transmission flowed from economic exchange. In the end, the paper is an important contribution to a worthwhile debate."

Tags:economic, exchange, technological, transmission

Abstract
This paper relates that information about the risks of infection transmission of HIV must be provided to women in culturally relevant terms so that they can understand the significance of their choices. However, there is a communication gap in many black communities regarding healthcare prevention as well as treatment. The author points out that healthcare professionals must be fully informed of the benefits, risks and detriments of HIV transmission in HIV positive black women so that they can effectively communicate what they know in an unbiased and culturally relevant manner.

From the Paper
"Numerous studies have been performed to determine the risk of mothers who are HIV positive breastfeeding their babies. According to Crowe et. al. (2006) since a 1992 study by Dunn, it has been widely accepted that 14 percent of babies whose HIV positive mothers breastfed them would become infected themselves. However, there is now a great deal of evidence that this figure is not accurate because Dunn did not take a lot of important variables into account."

Tags:choices zidovudine, communication gap, unbiased babies

Abstract
The paper identifies a definition of culture and examines how it is transmitted, generically speaking. The paper discusses the need to be nurtured and socially taught so that as we mature, we will meet the cultural guidelines in each developmental phase of our lives. The paper also talks about a sub-culture; a group within a society whose values and norms are different from that of the accepted dominant view. The paper utilizes the example of American society's rigid emphasis on gender roles to demonstrate how Americans transmit culture already from the time of birth.

From the Paper
"Before one can understand how an aspect of our American culture came about, and how it is being translated today to nearly all members of our society, we must see how culture is transmitted. Before we can even do that, we need to understand what culture actually is; everyone has an idea of what culture is, but whether we know it or not, we associate the words "culture" with "American culture" and use the two interchangeably. We may think that "American culture" is "culture" because of the idea of ethnocentrism, the idea that one's own culture is the right culture, and all others should follow. However, more times than not, most open-minded and fair people that use "American culture" and "culture" interchangeably will do so without meaning to and will do so because their "American culture" is all they have ever known. Therefore, since that culture is the only one they have been exposed to, that is the only viewpoint on the world that they possess (Nanda and Warms 86)."

Tags:guidelines, values, norms, sub-culture, society, gender, roles

Abstract
This paper explains that Michael Tomasello in his article "Culture and Cognitive Development" delineates differences in learning observed in humans and the chimpanzee, which is consider to be man's closest relative genetically and culturally. Next, the author relates that Tomasello indicates that humans learns imitatively rather than by emulation as chimpanzees do, which then connects to the differences in the development and expression of culture. The paper concludes that, although the author is intrigued by Tomasello's ideas, the author does disagree with Tomasello's leap from imitative learning to the development of culture without further research and analysis.

From the Paper
"After explaining these differences in learning and cognition between humans and chimpanzees, Tomasello connects the differences to the differences in the development and expression of culture. Though chimpanzees and other non-human animals do exhibit some aspects of culture, Tomasello asserts that culture is dependent on a sustainability and communicability of various actions and gestures which non-human animals lack. Chimpanzee culture, then, can never really develop because there is no way for the species to preserve the individual elements of culture."

Tags:emulative, imitative learning, scientific scrutiny, generations bias

Abstract
This paper spells out the fundamental importance of Greek culture to Western civilization as a whole and then describes the expansionary drive of Alexander the Great and the significance of it towards the spread of Greek culture. The paper discusses the Roman adoption of Greek culture through the Hellenic age and looks at how Greek ideas were channeled through the Moslems and re-discovered in the renaissance. Finally, the paper describes the subtle influence of Greek ideas through the medium of Christianity.

From the Paper
"A common notion is that Alexander the Great was responsible for the spread of Greek culture in the first instance. However, this is only partly true. He did not properly belong to the Greek culture, being a prince of Macedonia, which the Greeks considered to be a barbaric northern province. He was however tutored by the great Aristotle, and took Greek culture as his ideal, which is crucial. After the Peloponnesian war, in effect a civil war between the Greek city states, the mainland was in a state of turmoil, which Philip of Macedonia took advantage of, defeating the Athenians in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. When Alexander succeeded his father to the throne, he resumed the imperial drive with great fervor, ultimately ruling over a huge empire stretching deep into Asia and Africa. As a result Greek culture spread throughout this region, and was later cemented through the avenues of trade when the empire crumbled soon after the death of Alexander."

Tags:Plato, Aristotle, Alexander, Christianity, renaissance, neoclassicism, Athens, democracy

Abstract
This paper states that learning and culture are two complementary entities in the process of human development. The paper concludes that an ethical stand-alone market system would naturally evolve when all the market players understand that in the long run it makes good economic sense to encourage this real value of humankind.

Table of Contents
Introduction - Towards Human Emergence
Social Environment - The Distilled Wisdom of Our Heritage of Culture and Learning
Culture and Learning- The Essence of Being Human
Transmission of Culture and Learning to Our Next Generation
The Mechanism of Transmission
The Case against Market
The Case for the Market
Is the Assertion Justified ?
Market and Ethics- An Evolutionary Process
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Human societies consist of organized groups of individuals of all ages having a set of behavioral rules that are transmitted from one generation to another. This process of transmission can be divided into two broad categories- direct or indirect. When the values and accumulated knowledge of the society are transmitted through some kind of formal training, it is called "learning". While the process of learning aims at transmission of knowledge and values in the formal way, the outcome of this process depends on many things that are never taught - things that we absorb from our social environment. This intangible phenomenon that is an integral and parallel part of learning is "culture"."

Tags:human, development, ethical, emergence, environment, transmission, evolutionary

Abstract
This paper will discuss a number of the obstacles to communication between individuals of different cultures. It will be argued that - apart from an obvious difference such as language - the different cultures of the individuals significantly impacts the act of communication both in terms of its transmission and its reception.