Abstract
This paper discusses the music theory of al-Farabi, who has tried to explain the connection between his own language and the music of his culture, commenting on Medical Middle Eastern Islamic music and making a direct connection between language and music as he writes about the rhythms of the music of his time and culture. The writer discusses that al-Farabi develops his ideas using a series of paradigms that have been studied by scholars seeking to explain these written statements themselves and to show what Al-Farabi meant when using them.

From the Paper
"Sawa also praises al-Farabi's accuracy, thoroughness, and lucidity and says these derived from his mastery of a number of disciplines, including philosophy, logic, mathematics, grammar, rhetoric, literary criticism, and more. His lasting fame may have been diminished by his tendency to use paradigms, causing the less experienced musicologists to misunderstand the nature of his scholarship and so to relegate his work to "the status of theories unrelated to musical practices". Sawa finds these paradigms to be more meaningful in that these paradigms ..."

Tags:paradigms, music, theory

Abstract
This paper examines and compares the basic elements, theories, and methods of cultural ecology and human behavioral ecology and discusses how the articles fit in their respective paradigms and within cultural ecology at large.

From the Paper
"In any field of study, researchers operate under paradigms: often unnoticed scientific world-views that shape which data the researcher collects, how he/she collects it, and what conclusions he/she draws from that data. Two paradigms in the field of cultural ecology include classificatory cultural ecology, exemplified by Tappers and trappers: parallel process in acculturation (Murphy & Steward) and human behavioral ecology, as in Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability in Amazonian hunting (Hames and Vickers). Both of these articles study indigenous Amazonian populations, but each from a different paradigm and thus with different methods and results. Through a comparison of these two articles, this paper will explore the differences and similarities of these two paradigms and how the paradigms the researchers worked under shaped their studies."

Tags:behavioral, biology, human, paradigm, biology, amazon, indigenous, diet, similar, culture, trade, acculturaization

Abstract
This paper compares the post-World War II Cold War to the contemporary Culture Wars in the United States, using the macro-sociological paradigms of structural functionalism and social conflict theory, respectively.

Abstract
This paper explains that the superimposing effect of western culture has been multi-focal and directed into several paradigms of the Muslim society, which has a rapid and widespread influence on the culture of these countries. The author points out that the popularity of Hollywood films poses an offensive threat in those Islamic countries where moderate governments are threatened by Islamic fundamentalism. The paper states that, even although American culture is seen as a seething immoral and unscrupulous influence, which lacks morality and values of family and tradition, it has had a very profound impact on the central values of the traditional world of Islam because more and more youth across the Muslim world are adopting American culture and lifestyles as a way of life.

From the Paper
"Across the world, the United States of America is best regarded as a colonial force than a superpower. It is bent upon westernizing other parts of the globe to satisfy its selfish and devious agenda. In attacking Afghanistan, the United States may have toppled an oppressive regime that reigned in the form of the Taliban but it sure is a measure to install in place a more loyal and conforming mechanism that would report back to the United States in all forms and channels. America is doing nothing but extending its vicious presence across the globe in the hunt for valuable riches that will help it to sustain its economic drive and potential in the long run. It is busy creating a form of imperialism that can work out best to its won advantage irrespective of the pitiable condition of many economies. It is an all out war in all fields."

Tags:superimposing, imperialism, films, youth, values

Abstract
The paper explains that the interpretive paradigm calls on individuals to focus on learning that is individualized, concerned with culture and that suggests that people will learn based on their own learning styles ("Paradigms", n.d.) The paper looks at how Packer (n.d.) states that the interpretive paradigm reflects "how people experience the world" (sec. 2).

From the Paper
"The interpretive paradigm calls on individuals to focus on learning that is individualized, concerned with culture and that suggests that people will learn based on their own learning styles ("Paradigms", n.d.) Packer (n.d.) states that the interpretive paradigm reflects "how people experience the world" (sec. 2). Therefore, my organizational environment is one that reflects the cultures of the students in the classroom. In accomplishing this, the..."

Tags:edu, paradigms, learning

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine whether the actual history of science regarding D.R. Scott's Cultural Significance of Accounts bears out Thomas S. Kuhn's thesis of the structure of scientific revolutions as following patterns of discovery, development of a paradigm, the emergence of anomalies producing crisis, and the development of new paradigms, all of which lead to a shift in the overall scientific world view. In addition, Scott's theory will be analyzed from the standpoint of Latour's theory of the black box as containing fundamental truth, to see whether Scott's views have the effect of either opening closed boxes to replace existing theory on one hand or constitute the emergence of an entirely new paradigm on the other. As appropriate, both scientific and what might be termed the extrascientific elements of prevailing culture will be cited, with a ..."

Abstract
This paper explores the difficulties that hunters-gatherers face, as they have to change their traditional way of life and adopt sedentary lifestyles in order to survive. The paper discusses this shift in economic paradigms and the negative consequences of it. It specifically discusses the various traditional values and customs of hunter-gatherer life, such as sharing and avoidance of accumulation of wealth that have had to be changed or abandoned.

From the Paper
"Anthropologists have long thought of hunter-gatherers as the last unchanged societies on Earth. For years anthropologists have fought to protect the lifestyles of hunter-gatherers. Today, it is becoming ever clear that this is a losing battle and that hunter-gatherers must change if they are to survive. In many places, the change simply involves adapting new technology. The hunter-gatherers of the Arctic are now using rifles and vehicles to aid in their lifestyle; however African hunter-gatherers face a different problem. Unlike the people of the Arctic, African hunter-gatherers are facing issues of limited space and forced sedintarism. In essence, the African hunter-gatherers must change their entire way of life or they will die out. The goal of this paper is to explore the difficulties that African hunter-gatherers, and indeed all hunter-gatherers face when attempting to shift from hunter-gathering to other economic modes. Before we can accomplish this, it is necessary to distinguish between problems that affect individuals and problems that affect an entire group. We will first exact the difficulties an individual faces when shifting economic paradigms and move towards societal difficulty. We will then explain some difficulties that arise when a group shifts economic paradigms. Finally, we will expound why an economic change occurs at all, given the previously discussed difficulties."

Tags:san, ju, hoansi, transition, culture, tradition

Abstract
The paper relates that Ivan Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" represents an interesting subject for critical analysis of the concepts of male and female in Western culture. The paper argues that to understand the gendered relationships in Turgenev's novel, we must consider gender not in isolation but in conjunction with class and ideology. The paper demonstrates how the male and female characters in the novel are frequently conflicted in their relationships and their happiness by their class and the ideological paradigms within which they attempt to live.

From the Paper
"Ivan Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" represents an interesting subject for critical analysis of the concepts of male and female in Western culture. In large measure, the appropriateness of Turgenev's novel to this analysis lies in its striking modernity. "Fathers and Sons" explores relations between generations and genders in a society experiencing radical social transition; a commonplace characteristic of modernity, it seems, in the Western world. As this essay will argue, to understand the gendered relationships in Turgenev's novel we must consider gender not in isolation..."

Tags:turgenev, literature, gender

Abstract
Throughout the course of history, science has deeply influenced other aspects of culture. Revolutions in scientific research parallel new world views. Most importantly, new physical understandings of nature necessitate novel forms of expression in everyday society. In the early twentieth century, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein revolutionized society's notion of reality by sending shockwaves into many non-scientific fields. The paper shows that, in turn, this directly impacted commonly held world views. In 1925, Virginia Woolf published "Mrs. Dalloway", a novel which incorporates both Freud's and Einstein's new theories of reality in its stream of consciousness presentation.

From the Paper
"Einstein's notion that measurements of time, space, and mass are relative to the individual observer's space-time reference frame lead to society's conclusion of the relativity of truth. In Woolf's time, everything became relative due to the impact of Einstein's theory of relativity. As a consequence, the characters in Mrs. Dalloway present reality through their own subconscious interpretations as what is true for one observer will not always be true for another observer in a separate frame of reference. This device of multiple perspectives in Woolf's writing corresponds to the postulate in relativity that space and time measurements for one observer will not be the same as for another moving in relation to the first."

Tags:consciousness, literature, reality

Abstract
This paper explores how lifestyle and culture have always had an effect on "wellness" and continue to have, with people more and more aware of how these elements may affect them. The paper discusses how each term encompasses a wide variety of behaviors that can affect health and levels of wellness, from the type of foods eaten in a given culture to the type of work included in a lifestyle.

From the Paper
"Lifestyle and culture have always had an effect on "wellness" and continue to have, with people more and more aware of how these elements may affect them. Each term encompasses a wide variety of behaviors that can affect health and levels of wellness, from the type of foods eaten in a given culture to the type of work included in a lifestyle. Most cultures have a healthy diet that stands at the center of that culture, though some specific shifts in eating habits might affect wellness. Certain foods in the region of the Eskimo, for instance, are extremely high in substances like Vitamin A, which can have an adverse effect on health in high doses. American culture has developed the idea of fast food and so has altered..."

Tags:health, wellness, stress