Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two ways of representing cultural knowledge. It does so by providing background, describing two systems and providing conclusions.

From the Paper
"Cultures are considered to be in the heads of culture members and the anthropologists who analyze them. Since anthropology is considered to be a science dealing with the description of human cultures, it is important to have accurate and reliable ways of representing and transferring cultural knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two different ways of representing cultural knowledge in anthropology. It will do so by providing background information detailing the basic needs of a representational system describing..."

Tags:cultural knowledge, ethnography, methodology, tools

Abstract
This paper looks at trans-nationalism and at the absence of cultural knowledge in two significant short stories: Amy Tan's, "Rules of the Game," and Bharati Mujherjee's, "The Management of Grief." The writer concludes that in the final analysis, pain and discord is only deepened by cultural ignorance in both stories.

From the Paper
"In the case of the Tan story, it seems as though Waverly Jong's hard-driving mother has grasped some of the American competitive zeal - but has failed to soften that with an understanding of some of the social graces that make such flinty determination more palatable. Conversely, Mujherjee's story is about the inability of the dominant culture to understand that sometimes minority groups want to be left alone to suffer in their own way without meddlesome "do-gooders" who mean well but who do not understand that each group - each culture - handles suffering in its own way."

Abstract
This paper discusses how multi-national corporations, which operate across international frontiers on a global level, manage their knowledge resources and their multi-cultural employees. It looks at how individuals of different nationalities and cultures must operate as a team with some control of the multi-national corporation?s knowledge database. It shows how knowledge is the greatest of all assets, and how the provision of cross?cultural experiences should always be available with the minimum of hassles. Senior knowledge workers and cross-cultural managers should, by themselves, be an asset to the corporation for their knowledge, but their needs and past service should also be recognized.

From the Paper
"A cross-cultural team may be absolutely necessary and the corporation's vital interests may depend on the smooth operation of such a team. The metaphors that can be derived from a multi cultural team include military, sports, community, family, and associates. There are different expectations about team roles, scope, membership, and objectives that arise in different cultural contexts and these as well as the success of the project have to be managed. Cross cultural management, therefore, has a human resource management dimension in the sense that cross cultural managers must be trained, acquired and deployed keeping in mind factors which are fair to the managers as well as the corporation."

Tags:database, training, policy

Abstract
This paper examines the way in which American soldiers used their cultural knowledge to establish a rapport with Arab soldiers in the Gulf war. It then shifts to a look at the lack of cultural familiarity displayed by US forces during the Iraqi insurgency to illustrate how decisive it can be. From there it looks at the patience and respect that SF soldiers showed to their Arab counterparts and how that eventually played a large role in the eventual victory.

From the Paper
"This paper shall examine the importance of cultural understanding in the conduct war from the perspective of two very different military conflicts. It begins by examining how Special Forces soldiers used their knowledge of Arabic and cultural mores to gain the respect of Syrian, Saudi and Egyptian soldiers in the run up to the Gulf War. It also looks at the difficulties experienced by US forces in the Iraqi insurgency that took place little more than a decade later. Cultural Understanding in the Gulf War and the Iraq War Cultural understanding during military operations can be a vital asset or..."

Tags:culture, saving face, arabic

Abstract
The paper explains that cultural competence refers to being trained to work in any cross cultural therapeutic environment. The paper relates that every encounter is cross cultural because therapists and patients have differing reference groups. Cultural sensitivity and cultural competence involve the acquisition of both generic and specific cultural knowledge and skills. The paper stresses that unless the mental health psychiatric nurse takes the cultural influences on a patient into account, the goals and process for that patient will not be appropriate.

From the Paper
"Cultural competence is associated with four areas: awareness, knowledge, relationships and skills. In order to work with people from diverse cultures who have a mental health disability, the nurse must have cultural competence."

Tags:culture, competence, sensitivity

Abstract
The project addresses not only the cultural assumptions that are involved in texts used in language teaching, but also the kinds of cultural knowledge and skills that are required by language learners for comprehending and interpreting these texts. The paper looks at the way we conceptualize the world and how it seems to acquire some language-and-culture specific features. The project focuses not only on the different conceptualization of knowledge and experience of the world within different cultures, but also on the way it is fixed in language.

Contents:
General Introduction
Theoretical Assumptions
Practical Implications
Method
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
References

From the Paper
"The variety of interpretations of culture and its relationship to language is a theme of continuing and possibly endless debate. Generally speaking, language is not transparent and neutral. It is a site in which beliefs, values and points of view are produced, encoded and contested. Language thus reflects culture, and language and culture are inseparable. Sherzer (1987) views language as cultural and claims that it is language use in discourse that creates, recreates and modifies culture."

Tags:learning, teaching, english

Abstract
This paper addresses four sources focusing on knowledge and how knowledge is communicated in the study of non-native cultures. Knowledge defines how we approach a given culture or concept. According to this paper, when we think we know something, we are more likely to approach it in an authoritative manner and communicate our views and opinions to our audience, as we strongly believe that we have based our position in facts and therefore have a firm foundation for our personal feelings on the issue.

From the Paper
"Knowledge defines how we approach a given culture or concept. When we think we know something, we are more likely to approach it in an authoritative manner and communicate our views and opinions to our audience, as we strongly believe that we have based our position in facts and therefore have a firm foundation for our personal feelings on the issue. This scenario, however, makes it extremely dangerous to present information as factual, when it is inherently incorrect. We see in the discussion of Orientalism, for example, how the perception of Hinduism as defined by early scholars was translated into cannon, where as David Ludden writes "Authoritative sources produced diverse types of data that became factualized and located in a unified empirical domain where they could be formed into verified statements about Indian reality."

Tags:knowledge, study, modes

Abstract
This research paper discusses the dynamic of cultural competency for the school social work student. It particularly explores the factors of awareness (e.g., attitudes), perceptions and practices that empower cultural competency for the school social work student. The paper also investigates whether cultural competency by the instructor offers insight into the dynamic of how race and ethnicity may impact the student and instructor working alliance.

Table of Contents:
Chapter One -- Introduction
Hypothesis and Research Statement
Defining Cultural Competence
Cultural Competency
Cultural Competence Practice and Training: Overview
Strategy and Practice
Moving Towards Cultural Competence
Knowledge, Skills, and Ability
Attitudes
Skills
Knowledge
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Chapter Two -- Review of the Literature
Theoretical Framework
Research Hypothesis
Research Questions
Terms and Definitions
Chapter Three - Research Design and Statistical Procedures
Research Participants
Instruments
Chapter Four - Findings

From the Paper
"This is, naturally, a concern because it slows down the process that the client is involved in when it comes to discussing the problems that he or she is facing and working to solve them. Without the client being honest about his or her thoughts and feelings, the social worker can have trouble determining how to best help the client and what strategies might work in the future. Social workers must take care that they interact with the client but do not do so to the extent that their beliefs and opinions become something that the client senses too strongly and therefore chooses to react to. The goal is for the client to discuss his or her problems and issues in a way that is non-judgmental and does not make the client feel as though he or she has to agree with everything that the social worker says."

Tags:attitudes, perception, knowledge, ethnicity

Abstract
An explanation of the process, culture, and technology in an expert locator format that are required to facilitate true collaboration and tacit knowledge reuse. This KM initiative proposes the process, culture, and technology required to capture the experts within Raytheon Electronic Systems into an expert locator to facilitate and expedite knowledge transfer between organizations and employees. This set of processes, cultural model, and technology assist in the capture, storage, and dissemination of expert locator data to all business units within Raytheon Electronic Systems. Effectiveness of the expert locator system are also captured through Oregon Productivity Matrix method of organizational performance measurement.

From the Paper
"Raytheon Electronic Systems, a business within Raytheon Company, employs over 50,000 in disciplines across engineering, manufacturing, sales, business, information technology, and many others. These 50,000+ employees are spread over a dozen locations within the United States and several foreign countries. There is a need for a standard, simplified, easily accessible expert locator system to improve knowledge transfer and reuse in major projects and initiatives."

Tags:expert, km, knowledge, locator, management, transfer, Raytheon

Abstract
The paper argues that the foreign-trained professional in Canada tends to be at an advantage. The paper explains that the trained professional is far better equipped to cope with the stressors related to cultural transition because of access to substantial resources such as knowledge, skills, and social support. The paper does point out, however, that a barrier confronting foreign-trained professionals is when skills and knowledge acquired in the country of origin are not respected.

Outline:
Introduction
Adjustment of Foreign-Trained Professionals
Professionals and Healthy Adaptation
Resources Available to the Foreign-Trained Professional
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Immigration has become an escalating trend in Canada so that the proportion of the population that is foreign-born is currently higher than ever observed over the past 70 years (Census Canada, 2001). Successful adaptation for the immigrant depends, above all, on the employment needs in Canada and on the immigrant's qualifications. Foreign-trained professionals not only are a valuable resource to this country but they also bring their own resources for adjustment to Canadian life. Those resources, since they are based in the academic environment, are not available to other immigrants (Jones, 2002)."

Tags:stress, adjustment, knowledge, skills, social, support