Abstract Since the Cuban revolution, Cuban-American relations have been strained. The Cuban Adjustment Act (1966) grants refugee status to virtually every Cuban national to arrive in the US. This is a point of contention between the two governments. This paper analyzes Cuban-American migration and the similar case of undocumented refugees from China arriving in Canada in 1999.
Abstract This paper presents a discussion of Cuban undocumented aliens receiving preferential status under American immigration laws, a status that ended in in the post 9/11 era that brought about changes in American immigration policy. It looks at the history of Cuban immigration to the United States.
From the Paper "This research paper summarizes and evaluates the rights of Cuban immigrants seeking to enter the United States as they have evolved overtime and in light of post-September changes in American immigration policy..."r
Abstract The paper argues that the leadership of John F. Kennedy was tested during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The paper explains that the creation of the ExComm, together with JFK's own willingness to heed advice, take responsibility for decisions and explore all options, may well have spared the world from nuclear disaster.
From the Paper "President John F. Kennedy is today celebrated as much for his steady leadership during tumultuous times as he is lauded for his eloquence and ability to inspire. At no time during his presidency and perhaps during his life would JFK be asked to handle an event more challenging-and more potentially combustible-than the Cuban Missile Crisis."
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines President John F. Kennedy's decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. The writer provides a background of the crisis. In the article, the writer discusses dealings between Kennedy and Soviet leader, Khrushchev. The writer also covers the outcome of the crisis.
From the Paper "The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October when the Soviet Union under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev began placing offensive ballistic missiles in Cuba, just miles off the U. S. coast. Traditionally, historians have contended that Khrushchev began placing the missiles in Cuba from a position of strength, intended to defy a weak foe, President John F. Kennedy. They emphasized the apparent resolve Kennedy showed in dealing with Khrushchev, essentially portraying Kennedy as a man who finally became presidential during ... "
Abstract This paper argues that counter to popular belief, Cubans are far from a homogeneous ethnic group. Rather, it was this group's shared sense of exile and its mobilization of large numbers of immigrants that paved the way for their socio-economic and political clout. This paper takes a historical approach to the growth of economic and political power of Cuban-Americans. It looks at how Cuban exiles slowly shifted focus from anticipating their return to the homeland in the years following the revolution, to working with and eventually becoming part of the established elite in Miami. This paper also discusses how Cubans slowly carved a new identity, as Cuban-Americans. This transformation further paved the way for the development of the Cuban-American elite, first in business and later, in politics.
Introduction
Review of Literature
Geography and Population
From Exiles to Citizens
Miami Politics and Economics
Conclusion
From the Paper "In summary, conventional wisdom has credited Cuban American prosperity to their social homogeneity. However, this is only part of the picture. Unlike other Hispanic groups, Cuban Americans have benefited from a strong social cohesion, brought about by a common goal to topple Cuba. This commonality paved the way for the establishment of social networks, which were later geared towards increasing Cuban presence in local and state politics. Additionally, the greater educational achievement of Cuban Americans further contributed to their growing economic power in the 1980s. Given the aging of the Castro regime and Cuba's growing openness towards capitalism, the economic and political might of the Cuban American population can only increase."
Abstract This paper is about the cultural and political dynamics of Cuban-American identity. It discusses the difference between exile status and ethnic Cuban identity, manifested in the different self-conceptions of the several waves of Cuban exiles since the 1959 revolution. The paper particularly emphasizes the works of two Cuban-American artists, Cristina Garcia and Ana Mendieta, whose works demonstrate the tensions in the Cuban community between nostalgia and self-examination.
Abstract There are two views, as with any conflict or issue, on the reasons and reactions of the major players in the Cuban Missile Crisis that took place at the end of October 1962. The crisis pitted two world powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, against each other in what many describe as the closest the world has come to World War III and a nuclear holocaust. This paper examines the background of the crisis from the Cuban/Soviet point of view in depth. Towards the end of the paper, the United States' perspective of the crisis is discussed.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background
Upheaval in Cuba - the Bay of Pigs
The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Beginning of Hostilities
The United States Perspective
From the Paper "The account from the Cuban point-of-view paints Kennedy as a man obsessed with removing Castro from Cuba. In Robert Kennedy's memoir, he portrays his brother as someone eager to get the missiles out in a peaceful fashion. Kennedy was in favor of the blockade, despite the advice that this was a weak response and that military action was in order. Among those dissenting was Senator J. William Fullbright of Arkansas. Schlesinger points out that the Soviets were no match for the United States, a point made continually from the Cuban point-of-view; however the take of the this fact is spun differently on the American side. If Kennedy had been completely set on ridding Cuba of Castro, he could have used the Soviet deployment to invade and overthrow Castro's regime. Instead the two Kennedy brothers led the fight against invasion in favor of a peaceful solution."
Tags: Fidel, Castro, General, Batista, Eisenhower, Khrushchev
Abstract This paper takes a look at the Soviet Union's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis between America and Cuba in 1962. The writer explores the crisis from the Soviet Union's perspective using documents from the Soviet Union archives and puts together a historical account from their view. The paper shows that the Cold War was triggered by the crisis and the eventual dismantling of the former Soviet Union was a result of the Cold War, therefore the Cuban missile crisis, while it scared the world for 14 days, set the stage for today's friendly relations between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper "The Soviet Union placed the missiles in Cuba as a strategic military and political statement to the world about the actions of America. According to recently released documents pertaining to the crisis the idea came to then Soviet Union leader, Nikita Khrushchev, to use as a counter message to the US. He felt the United States had been flexing its muscles and some of the more recent decisions and actions by the states had countered what the Soviet Union had been led to believe(COLD WAR: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIShttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html). The crux of the disagreement was nestled in he direct actions of the United States. The problem as realized in retrospect was that the Soviet Union used deceit and lies to accomplish its point instead of holding discussions with the US powers about its concerns."
Abstract This paper explores the Cuban missile crisis and how then President John F. Kennedy dealt with the issue. The writer believes that the 1962 Cuban missile crisis established JFK as a heroic and able president who was the first and only president to challenge the Soviets directly. The paper offers a brief background on the lead-up to the event and America's involvement in the near nuclear disaster. The paper includes a section on the memory of this event in American psyche today, evident through the many plays, movies and stories which can be seen throughout the U.S.
From the Paper "The Cuban Missile Crisis teaches much about the nature of international relations during the Cold War and about such relations at any time between adversaries. It affirms the characteristics of the American political system that have helped the country succeed for two centuries in the face of considerable international opposition and numerous crises. Kennedy represented a change in the presidency, a youthful man rather than an older political leader, and his vibrancy affected the nation and made people ready to do more than they might otherwise have wanted to do."
Tags: bay, of, pigs, castro, cuba, communism, jfk, cia, leadership, presidency, cold, war, revolution
Abstract This seven-page undergraduate paper discusses the pre-Revolutionary and post-revolutionary Cuban society. The paper is a comparative across time and does not specifically focus on the political regimes but instead attempts to explain how the Cuban revolution changed the lives of the people forever.
Abstract The paper explains that, considering the information now available, it seems unlikely the Soviets would have attacked the United States over the Cuban missile crisis. The author states that it actually appears the United States was the aggressor: The missiles were placed in Cuba by the Soviet Union as deterrents in response to a real threat from the United States because the United States had been planning on attacking Cuba for years, going back to the Eisenhower administration. The paper concludes that the weapons did ensure a peace because (1) the United States government agreed not to invade Cuba if the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuban soil, which they did, and (2) the United States agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. Several long quotes.
From the Paper "The Cuban Missile Crisis is one of the defining moments in twentieth century United States history. The Cold War was at its apex. The Cubans asked the Soviet Union to protect them against an American attack. In 1961, the United States sent troops into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. The attack failed and later became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In 1962, Kruschev sent missiles into Cuba in order to deter an American attack. We were at the brink of World War III, both sides used verbal threats, and War was only averted when the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American promise to not invade the island."
Abstract This paper outlines some of the major similarities and differences that exist between the Haitian Revolution and the much later Cuban Revolution. The social conditions in both places pre-revolution are discussed and compared, as well as some of the changes that occurred following the respective revolutions. The writer shows that while the two may have had some similarities in the 19th century, the 20th century Cuban revolution proved markedly different from the one in Haiti.
From the Paper "Historically, revolutions are often compared and contrasted with one another. This is especially true when the revolutions occurred in the same part of the world, within a relatively short span of time, and with seemingly similar causes. When that is the case, historians love to debate and argue the difference and similarities between the two, especially with regard to the outcomes of the revolutions in question. Haiti and Cuba offer the historical critic a unique case in that regard."
Abstract The paper discusses the importance of the challenges that arose between Kruschev and Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the result of their actions and decisions.The paper endeavours to portray Kruschev as the person responsible for easing tensions in the area and not being responsible for causing the Cuban missile crisis and further shows that, in fact, as a result of Kennedy's actions in the area, Kruschev had no option but to assist Cuba as he did. The paper appends relevant source material.
From the Paper "Those who want to rescue Khrushchev's reputation from the dustbin of history frequently note that the Soviet Premier was every bit as responsible in his thinking as was Kennedy during the height of the crisis and, in many respects, even before it began. For instance, whatever his failings, it was not Khrushchev who stepped up surreptitious assaults against Castro, launched the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion - those were all things initiated by the Kennedy Administration. Further, the aggressive American build-up under Kennedy was understandably worrisome for the Soviet Leader, who had to watch this unfold fully cognizant of the fact that NATO had missiles pointed at the heart of the Soviet Union from nearby Turkey (Meyer, 113). Seen in that light, Khrushchev's secretive military support of Castro during the summer and fall of 1962 was entirely understandable - even if he erred in deploying missiles by stealth to the tiny island. More significantly, Kennedy's clandestine and not-so-clandestine efforts to unseat Castro surely raised tensions between the Soviet Union and America inasmuch as the US President had to have known on some level that the Soviets would feel compelled to protect the embattled Cuban leader from US efforts to kill him. All in all, the blame for the escalation of the crisis prior to mid-October of 1962 cannot solely, maybe not even mostly, laid at the feet of Nikita Khrushchev."
An examination of the predicted outcome of the Cuban missile crisis using the policy forecaster model and whether these correlate to the actual outcome of events.
Abstract This paper discusses the Cuban missile crisis and explains that the discovery by surveillance planes of Soviet missile silos being built in Cuba was one of the major confrontations of the Cold War. The paper analyzes the Cuban missile crisis with the use of the policy forecaster model. It then looks at the predicted outcome using the policy forecaster model and whether it corresponds with the actual outcome of events.
From the Paper "The next variable that I will discuss is that of salience. The United States had a high salience regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Almost immediately following the discovery of the Soviet missiles in Cuba, it became the most pressing issue to the country. The Cuban Missile Crisis was of great importance to every actor involved, and even those not involved, as a wrong move could have triggered a chain reaction of nuclear attacks. I believe that the issue was of added importance to the US because of the closeness of Cuba to the mainland. The issue was also of high importance to the Soviet Union, as the United States already had missile bases located close to their border. At the time, the US held the advantage over the Soviets in most areas. The salience variables I will use for the Policy Forecaster are ninety for the United States, and eighty-three for the Soviet Union."
Abstract The paper argues that the Soviet Union, led by Krushchev, intentionally caused the Cuban Missile Crisis. The paper shows how Kruschev used Cuba as an indirect means to stop the United States from abusing power in international affairs. The paper describes the Soviet Union's strategies of taking advantage of the United States' political upheaval and turning Cuban leader Fidel Castro into a communist. The paper discusses how although Krushchev agreed to withdraw his missiles from Cuba, the United States had to pledge "never to invade Cuba again." The paper uses MLA style footnotes in place of a bibliography.
From the Paper "One of the most dramatic events in U.S. diplomatic history, the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, led the world to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis began when U-2 reconnaissance planes illegally flew over Cuba and discovered new Soviet medium-range ballistic missile bases on the island. America's "formidable Cold War adversary" had installed the weapons within range of the U.S. in order to protect Cuba and threaten the U.S.; The Soviet Union, led by Khrushchev, intentionally caused the Cuban Missile Crisis and used Cuba as an indirect means to stop the United States from abusing power in international affairs."
