Abstract
This paper examines whether or not it is convenient for a local hospital to acquire an ultimate technology medical device, mainly a PET/CT scanning system. The paper discusses the benefits and threats of implementing such a device. According to the paper, the PET/CT is one of the latest technological devices in the medical world and is expected to give magnificent results in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.

Outline:
Introduction
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Objectives
Values
Strategies
Programme
Goals
SWOT analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Threats
The External Factor Evaluation Matrix
Offerings
Target Markets
Marketing Strategies
Sales Plans
Projections
Technology
Operational Plans
Financial Projections
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Since a first glance it might be assumed the fact that PET/CT would bring some important benefits to the patients' status and living. Even though, a great disadvantage might be represented by the high cost of the equipment, which has only allowed large hospitals to achieve it Moreover, in order for the very ill persons to be helped, UPMC has developed a mobile PET/CT unit that can be brought next to them. In this way the same equipment is able to be used by more than one clinic and its cost might be shared among them. "The Mobile PET/CT unit is identical to the stationary units, except that the equipment is mounted in a tractor trailer which is parked outside the network locations. Scans are scheduled with your oncologist, and the actual procedure takes place in the trailer" . "

Tags:body, scan, image, patient, hospital, mobile, scanner, technology, device

Abstract
Explores its uses for tumors of the head and neck, the importance of CT scans for diagnosis and follow-up for monitoring responses to treatment. Examines the limitations in their use in planning of head and neck radiotherapy.

From the Paper
Computed tomography scans (CT) have found wide application in many fields, and particularly in neurosurgery, where they can give the surgeon detailed information about the brain (Wilkins, 1996). Tumors of the head and neck can be treated with high ..."

Abstract
The paper explains how our society is increasingly at risk; the number of fatalities each year from coronary artery disease continues to rise in spite of efforts to educate the populace on methods to reduce risk factors. The paper lists the steps that must be taken to identify those individuals at risk and provide them with treatment options. The paper identifies angiography as providing the best method of coronary evaluation available, and lists the three types currently in use: magnetic resonance, catheter, and computed tomography. The paper analyzes the specific benefits and limitations of each type. Of the three, the paper finds that computed tomographic angiography (CTA) provides the greatest versatility and has the least associated risks and limitations, and also provides the greatest volume of information and detail. In conclusion, the paper anticipates that the CTA will likely become the diagnostic tool of choice and ultimately supplant catheter angiography.

From the Paper
"The super-sized, rapid paced, high stress society we inhabit contributes daily to the demise of our fellow citizens. The epidemic rise of obesity and diabetes compounds the risk of America's number one killer: heart disease. The number of Americans succumbing to heart disease will nearly double from 500,000 in 2002 to 930,000 in 2005. The cost to treat cardiovascular patients in 2005 will cap at just under $400 billion (Kazerooni, 2005). Emphasis on risk reduction should be made, but it falls short of real impact. Steps must be taken to diagnose patients at risk and provide treatment options appropriate to their level of disease."

Tags:angiography, calcium, catheterization, coronary, ct, gold, heart, mesa, mra, scoring, standard

Abstract
This paper describes the different types of artifacts seen in CT scans and their origins and causes. The paper then examines and discusses preventative measures to reduce these artifacts. This paper also contains corresponding illustrations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Type of Artifacts
1. Physics Based Artifacts
a. Beam Hardening
b. Partial Volume
c. Photon Starvation
d. Undersampling
2. Patient Based Artifacts
3. Scanner Based Artifacts
4. Helical and Multisection CT Artifacts
5. Artifacts Due to Other Causes
Methods to Resolve Artifacts
References

From the Paper
"Metal artifacts can be avoided by asking the patient to remove any metals like jewelry before the start of scanning. For metals like prosthetic devices, surgical clips and dental fillings, which cannot be removed for the scanning, gantry angulation can be used. If the metal object cannot be excluded by any of the above technique, increasing the kilovoltage and the use of thin sections can reduce the partial volume artifact. The use of special software corrections can reduce streaking due to overranging (Barrett and Keat 2004.)
"Patient-based artifacts due to movement can be prevented by appropriate means. For most patients, the use of positioning aids can prevent any voluntary movement. However, in some patients, especially in the pediatric age-group, sedation may be required to immobilize them. In order to minimize artifacts in areas where natural movement is present, a short scan time can be used."

Tags:ct scan, streaking rings distortion shading, x-ray, truncation artifacts

Abstract
The paper explains that multislice CT angiography is a potentially useful and cost-effective, non-invasive diagnostic modality. The paper discusses multislice angiography's diagnostic accuracy in different diseases, including cerebral vascular disease, aneurysms, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. The paper also points out that multislice CT angiography's technology is quickly outpacing the conventional angiography. The paper notes, however, that some surgeons still prefer the time-tested angiography in spite of its invasive nature, discomfort to the patient and potential risk for hemorrhage.

Outline:
Introduction
Diagnostic Accuracy in Different Diseases
Future Developments of Multislice CT Angiography

From the Paper
"Conventional angiography is considered as the golden standard technique in vascular imaging. Its main attributes include real-time visualization of target vessels, which makes it ideal not only for direct visualization of the vasculature of any accessible organ, but also for conducting therapeutic procedures. This provides angiography procedures with the distinct advantage of being able to diagnose and treat vascular diseases with one procedure. This comes at a cost. Another main attribute of angiography is its invasive nature. Most procedures involve gaining vascular access through the femoral artery, which presents as a potential problem post-procedure. While local pressure and close post-procedure monitoring can prevent life-threatening hemorrhaging, subjecting patients to seemingly unnecessary invasive procedures has prompted the development of other imaging modalities to match the real-time precision of angiographic imaging as well as remain non-invasive."

Tags:cardiovascular, surgery, image, quality, scanner, aneurysms, heart, disease

Abstract
The paper relates that Communities Together (CT), a humanist organisation from Britain, is faced with declining contributions from British members and plans to raise supplemental funds (and obtain personnel) from the U.S. This report advises CT on the U.S. locations to which it should go, and the target group(s) of people in America whom it should approach. The analysis is predicated on data obtained from the National Opinion Research Centre's (NORC) General Social Survey (GSS).

From the Paper
"Communities Together (CT), a humanist organisation from Britain, is faced with declining contributions from British members and plans to raise supplemental funds (and obtain personnel) from the U.S. This report will advise CT on the U.S. locations to which it should go, and the target group(s) of people in America whom it should approach. The analysis will be predicated on data obtained from the National Opinion Research Centre's (NORC) General Social Survey (GSS)."

Tags:marketing, statistics, cramers

Abstract
This paper explains that, while conventional X-ray exams produce two-dimensional images, CT scans use an X-ray-sensing unit that rotates around the body and a large computer to create cross-sectional images of the inside of your body. The author points out that the paranasal sinuses, a complex three-dimensional structure, prior to the use of CAT, could only be viewed through dangerous surgery; however, now with CAT, they can be viewed by computer-aided, image-guided, endoscopic sinus surgery avoiding surgical pitfalls. The paper relates that there can be risks associated with CAT scans similar to the risks of conventional rays; however, doctors and other scientists believe that CAT scans provide enough valuable information to outweigh the associated risks of radiation.

Table of Contents
Brief History
Benefits for Computer Tomography
How Does Computer Tomography Work?
Risks of Computerized Tomography
Conclusion

From the Paper
"During its brief history, advancements for computerized tomography have made great improvements in speed, patient comfort, and resolution. As scan times have gotten faster, more anatomy can be scanned more quickly and more efficiently. The extreme speed of scanning allows the elimination of artifacts from patient motion such as normal breathing. Faster scanning helps to eliminate artifacts from patient motion such as breathing or peristalsis. CT exams are even now quicker and more patient friendly than ever before. Tremendous research and development has been made to provide exceptional image quality for a diagnostic guarantee of the lowest possible x-ray dose."

Tags:dimensional, non-invasive, cancer, sinus, inside

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of carpal tunnel syndrome. The paper examines the cause of the syndrome and the ergonomic changes that can help prevent its occurrence. In addition the paper presents diagrams to illustrate where it impacts the body.

Contents:
Introduction
Statistics About Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cause
Types of Jobs That Cause CTS
OSHA
Examples From Occupations
Solutions to Reduce The Risk of CTS
Ergonomic Guidelines for CTS
Effects of Other Risk Factors

From the Paper
"The Occupational Safety and Health Administration organization has looked at Carpal Tunnel syndrome for many years and has developed a list of guidelines for employers to use when trying to prevent the occurrence of the syndrome in their workforce. At this time it is not mandatory to comply with the guidelines but employers who do so will find they have a reduced incidence of claims which in the long run will be extremely cost effective. In addition by implementing the guidelines set out by OSHA on a voluntary basis it will help reduce the claims thereby encouraging OSHA not to mandate but to allow voluntary participation in the guideline implementations.
The one thing that OSHA does want to mandate is what happens to a worker who has been diagnosed by a physician as having Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. "

Tags:arthritis, diabetes, thyroid, obesity, ergonomic, workplace

Abstract
The paper outlines the clinical history of a 70-year old man with symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), the pathology of the disease and the patient preparation for a CT angiography. The paper explains the scanning and contrast protocol and looks at strategies to reduce the radiation dose. The paper explores image display, appearance and analysis, the after care of patients and the treatment and prognosis for PAD. The paper includes a CT image of PAD.

Outline:
Clinical History
Pathology
Patient Preparation for CT Angiography for PAD
Scanning Protocol
Contrast Protocol
Strategies to Reduce Radiation Dose
Image Display, Appearance and Analysis (2D/3D Reconstruction)
After Care of Patients
Treatment and Prognosis
Prognosis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities as result of atherosclerosis. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) produces detailed images of blood vessels and tissues of the extremities, and is thus, helpful in the diagnosis of PAD. Earlier, CTA technology was able to image only a portion of the peripheral arterial tree. Later, the multi-detector row CT (MDCT) technology evolved. In 1998, with the arrival of four-detector row CT (4D-CT), a complete coverage of the lower extremity inflow and runoff arteries with one acquisition using a single-contrast bolus, was possible. Further, with the 16-detector row CT (16D-CT), the spatial resolution increased and the contrast medium efficiency improved. Finally, with the 64-detector row CT (64D-CT) scanner, a true isotropic high spatial resolution of the entire volume was possible. Thus, the multi-detector row CT angiography (MDCTA) has developed as an accurate method in assessing the peripheral arteries."

Tags:CT, angiography, scanning, contrast, radiation, leg, foot, arteries

Abstract
The paper discusses how the field of radiology has expanded from being simply a diagnostics tool to becoming the forefront treatment for many serious diseases. The paper looks at the discovery of x-rays, the development of CT scans and the subsequent MRI. The paper describes the advancements in interventional radiology and relates that today's radiologists are actively involved in caregiving and are not limited to diagnosis.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
X-rays and Fluoroscopy
CT Scanners Ultrasound and MRI
Interventional Radiology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Radiology has evolved a long way since the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm roentgen back in 1895. Today, the field of radiology is a comprehensive medical specialty which is not just limited to diagnostic imaging using x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, etc, but also constitutes interventional treatment methods such as angiography, angioplasty, radio frequency ablation, embolization etc. Particularly, in the treatment of vascular diseases and cancer, interventional radiology has become an effective and minimally invasive therapeutic approach. A brief history would help us get better insight into the timeline and the developments of new and important diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the field of radiology."

Tags:CT, scanners, ultrasound, MRI, X-rays, fluoroscopy