Abstract
The paper describes the period of the Crusades and Crusader rule in the Holy Land. The main focus is on their impact on Islam and the Middle East. Examines the concept of 'holy war' and how the battle between religious control of the masses developed.

From the Paper
"Traditionally, authors have defined the Crusades as an expedition to the Holy Land. The clergy, on the other hand, have always referred to them as great pilgrimages. Both conveniently package these events into a number of numbered crusades, beginning in 1095 and ending in 1291. This approach, however, is quite simplified, given the fact that the Crusades were not discrete and unimportant pilgrimages, but a continuous stream of marching Western armies into the heart of the Muslim world, culminating in the creation and consequently the fall of the Latin Kingdoms in the Levant. The Crusades were a Holy War of Western Christianity against Islam, the first great clash of civilizations, in which the greater part of Western Europe united against the infidels East of the Bosporus."

Tags:crusaders, crusades, holy, islam, jerusalem, land

Abstract
The paper discusses the problems faced by the second crusaders on their march to the Levant during the Second Crusade, and makes an assessment of how far these problems adversely affected the Crusade as a whole. Key issues discussed include the relationship with the Greeks, Crusader lack of knowledge of local conditions, lack of supplies and poor leadership on the part of Louis VII.

From the Paper
"Odo of Deuil describes an incident where Turks attacked the French army at Adalia, and the non combatants attracted the attention of Louis, who boldly went to defend them. He says of the Turks, 'they thrust and slashed, and the defenceless crowd fled or fell like sheep.' A prominent eastern source, John Kinnamos, also describes the crusader army as being like sheep 'flocks of sheep might vainly be reckoned in entire myriads if they suffered a single lion leaping at them.' The fact that western and eastern sources are agreed on the nature of the army supports the fact that the large numbers of non combatants had an adverse affect on the crusading army and caused considerable problems. This problem was not overcome, as the both the French and German army never managed to be rid of the non combatants. "

Tags:byzantium, comnenus, conrad, deuil, louis, manuel, odo

Abstract
This paper addresses two historic business law cases--Hightec and The Quality Crusader. The paper further identifies the problems and proposes solutions in each. The Issues of expansion and present value of expenditures are also considered in detail.

From the Paper
"Glenn Moore can expand either by renewing Hightec's rental contract for five more years and renting portable units to ease the cramped conditions, purchasing land and building a new square-foot facility or renewing the rental contract on the current building for five more years and renting an adjacent square-foot building. Moore has already rejected option as being inadequate. Hightec's best option is to purchase the land and build its own building. First the present value of cash inflows and outflows and..."

Tags:Hightec case, The Quality Crusader case, operations management, quality, communication, alternatives, decision making

Abstract
This paper relates that Amin Maalouf used Arab chroniclers, diarists and historians of which were several first-hand accounts to write the story of the Crusades from the perspective of the Arabs. The paper points out that, in his book "The Crusades through Arab Eyes", Maalouf writes about the brutal behavior of the crusaders towards both Jews and Muslims particularly in the sacred city of Jerusalem. The paper explains that the book indicates that several comparative accounts differ about Muslim and Christian rule, especially in the Muslim capture of the crusader states such as Edessa and Antioch.

Table of Contents:
Sources
Chapters I-III
Chapters VIII-IX
Chapter X-XI

From the Paper
"The Zengi sultanate was established by Imad ed-Din Zengi, the Seljuk governor of Mosul in 1127. He also ruled over Northern Syria and Iraq as well as Aleppo. In 1144, Imad ed-Din Zengi captured the county of Edessa, the first crusader state to be established by the armies of the First Crusade. His capture of Edessa had then made Imad ed-Din Zengi a hero in the Muslim world but this was short-lived as he was soon killed by a slave in 1146. The territories under Zengi's ruling were then divided between his two sons."

Tags:invasion first-hand, salah al-din, captives zengi

Abstract
The paper discusses Pope Urban II's call to Crusade and the altruistic or self-centered motivations Christians had for joining. The paper then shows how, although the objectives are in many ways reversed, the contemporary jihadist is similar to the medieval Christian Crusader.

From the Paper
"Pope Urban II's call to Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095 was one of the seminal moments of medieval Christendom. Though recorded only after the fact by contemporaries, and known today only through fragments, the speech captured much of the ethos of the period, directed as it was toward social ideals as they were interpreted by each of the classes of society. Essentially, the Pope's address concerned a call to Christians to put aside their internal differences and come to the rescue of Christians and Christian sites in the Holy Land. Under continued assault from the Muslim Turks, the re-capture of the Holy Land, and its being made safe for Christian pilgrims, would represent a coming together of Europeans in the name of the highest ideals of the Church. Western Europeans of every rank and nationality responded enthusiastically to the Pontiff's appeal. Yet, their motives may not always have been wholly selfless or purely religious."

Tags:religion, faith, salvation, territory, materialism, jihadist, Islam

From the Paper
" This study will provide a comparative analysis of the ways the subject of violence is portrayed and explored in Walter Mosley's novel Devil in a Blue Dress, Jess Mowry's story "Crusader Rabbit," and Zora Neale Hurston's story "Sweat." The study will argue that, within the context of the themes of each story, the subject of violence plays a major role in the struggle of the characters to make their way through a society dominated by such violence. The three works share a similar theme--the individual's effort to live a life free of violence in a culture in which violence is a major force. The study will also consider the central symbols of the three works in the context of the protagonists' struggle to liberate themselves from the oppression of violence.

In Mosley's novel, Easy Rawlins is a veteran of the violence.."

Abstract
In this paper, the author looks at two of Charles Dickens' famous books,"David Copperfield" and "Great Expectations". The author starts the paper with a study of Dickens' life and his early childhood using this in his analysis of the books that Dickens wrote, looking at the characters portrayed as a reflection of the life that Dickens had.The paper concludes with the statement that Dickens started writing novels that ridiculed the ruling classes based on his experiences and observations.

From the Paper
"In an even more autobiographical reference, David's last stop in his youth is Dover, where he lives with his father's sister, Betswet Trotwood who lives with her crazy cousin Mr. Dick. David takes to Mr. Dick right off, and again, David is happy. This is similar to Dickens' own experiences. As a boy, Dickens lived with his aunt after his father was sent to prison. David is then sent to live with the Wickfield family, which includes old Mr. Wickfield who is well off, but an alcoholic, businessman; his daughter Agnes who is David's age, and the clerk Uriah Heep. "

Tags:working, class, children, social, reforms, middle, class, observer

Abstract
The paper examines Charles Dickens' life, analyzes the cause of and reviews his activities for, social activism. The paper examines both "Oliver Twist" and "Great Expectations" and reviews Dickens' own correspondence about the book to show the author's feelings about the social causes he championed. In conclusion, the paper shows how Dickens' helped to bring about needed changes in society.

Contents:
Introduction: The Life of Charles Dickens
Oliver Twist
Great Expectations
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Dickens was not yet writing fiction. He did begin to show an interest in the improper treatment of the poor and children. He started writing essays criticizing the social conditions in England. "Dickens became interested in the subject of Social Reform and started contributing articles to the radical newspaper the True Sun" (http://lang. Nagova-u.ac.jp/~matsouka/Dickens.html). Newspapers in England had to pay a 4d. stamp duty. Most liberal papers did not pay the tax, because it drove the cost of the newspaper to high, which prevented the lower classes -who the newspapers believed they were writing for-from purchasing the paper. The True Sun, however, did pay the tax and was a success... Dickens still felt the need to do more to reform society. He started writing novels that ridiculed the ruling classes based on his experiences and observations."

Tags:activism, industrialization, Victorian, England

Abstract
The paper asserts that most people in the West have only a partial understanding of the people of the Middle East and too often see those people through their own social and historical prism. The paper discusses how this was recalled when the current war in Iraq began and U.S. government officials were cautioned against using the term "crusade" to refer to the war being fought against terrorists and others in the Middle East. The paper explains that this term has a neutral coloration in the West, while it recalls the earlier Crusades to the people of the Middle East and has an aura of imperialism and Western superiority. The paper looks at how much of this is analyzed in the book "The Crusades Through Arab Eyes" by Amin Maalouf.

From the Paper
"Most people in the West have only a partial understanding of the people of the Middle East and too often see those people through their own social and historical prism. This was recalled when the current war in Iraq began and U.S. government officials were cautioned against using the term "crusade" to refer to the war being fought against terrorists and others in the Middle East. The term has a neutral coloration in the West, while it recalls the earlier Crusades to the people of the Middle East and has an aura of imperialism and Western superiority. Much of this is analyzed in the book "The Crusades Through Arab Eyes" by Amin Maalouf. Amin Maalouf is a Lebanese journalist and novelist. His native language is..."

Tags:crusades, arab, maalouf

Abstract
This paper examines the first and third Crusades in terms of their success and failure and ultimately their impact on Christian-Muslim relations in the Middle East. The author describes the first Crusade and the eventual internal conflicts among the Christians that allowed Muslims to rise up against the Europeans. Leaders on both sides are described, especially Saladin. The paper gives historic details of various battles, with particular emphasis on the fight for control of Jerusalem. The paper includes a discussion of anti-Western attitudes by Muslims that may have developed as a result of the Crusades.

From the Paper
" Generally speaking, the First Crusade was ignited in 1095 by predominantly French Christians whose main intention was to seize the sacred city of Jerusalem from Muslim control. This First Crusade was considered as a magnificent success in 1099, due to the crusaders conquering Jerusalem and maintaining control of the Holy Land for seventy-eight years despite much Muslim restlessness and bitter resentment. Internal conflicts among these crusaders then began to increase as a result of more nations joining in their actions against the Muslims. Some of these conflicts include arguments on leadership, political differences and war strategies."

Tags:Crusades, Muslims, Jerusalem, Holy, Land, Saladin, Richard, the, Lionhearted