Abstract
This paper presents a section-by-section review of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," compiled by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. The paper provides examples from each chapter of the book. Each section of the book deals with the myriad and diverse studies of gender.

From the Paper
"One very interesting angle on the study of man and woman in prehistory is provided by Lila Leibowitz ("Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences"), who provided a detailed account of primates? male-female roles. In the end, after writing an intriguing article, Leibowitz concludes that there is currently a "distorted" collection of evidence as to the gender roles in primates. Her hypothesis is very compelling, and she does not seem to be elitist in the least (which sometimes happens with scholars whose knowledge far surpasses the lay person). She explains that her hypothesis is presented in response ?to a spate of evolutionary theories which stress that our sex-role destiny along with our sexual anatomy was settled a long time ago.? Clearly she does not espouse a rigid view of the evolution of physical differences between men and women, and how sex roles came about. She calls for more study of the existing data."

Tags:sex, roles, evolution

Abstract
The role of sex appeal in advertising is undeniable. Most advertisements nearly cross the line of exploiting the models to advertise a product completely unrelated to the ad. The paper shows that it seems more and more advertisers are following the route of selling sex and hoping that the product somehow weaves its way into the mind of the viewer. The paper concludes that while society has a long way to go before the psychological and sociological impacts of women's portrayal in advertising is cleaned, it is good to see that initial attempts by companies like Nike are already underway. Sex may sell, and this fact may be irrefutable, but with broad-reaching affects reaching critical mass, a shift in the presentation of sex will hopefully change in coming advertisements. The paper shows that women's empowerment will do much to shift the sociological power and will undoubtedly frame a new social standing for female role-models.

From the Paper
"But sometimes the advertiser does not go so far as to destroy the societal role of women to further advance their product. A print ad by sketchers featuring singer Carrie Underwood shows her in what appears to be a shoe store as she gasps while five attractive 'shoe salesmen' crowd around her, clutching Sketchers brand shoes. There's a clear sociological shift of power depicted in this ad, but it does still play into stereotypes that society possesses. Rather than being a passive object of pleasure, the woman becomes actively pursued by the men in the ad. The power, then, falls to the woman who may then choose which of her pursuers - and, of course, which shoe - she will take. "

Tags:stereotype, jordache, sports, entertainment

Abstract
This paper examines many of the different cultural views on marriage that exist today. It specifically examines the differences in views on the role of women, the legalization of same-sex marriage, views on multiple partners and the relationship between marriage and religion. The paper concludes that views on these issues can vary greatly between cultures.

From the Paper
"As noted previously, issues of religion often play a large role in the various views towards different aspects of marriage found in cultures (Erber & Erber, 2001). Religion is responsible, for example, for many of the differences in opinion concerning same-sex marriage. In addition, religion also can dictate the role a woman plays in marriage, and the extent to which religion guides the laws of the land often influences the laws concerning women in marriage. Thus, countries with more singular religions, such as Muslim countries, often have all of their legal laws dictated by a single religion, and as such, their laws often prohibit certain behaviours within marriage, such as the empowerment of women, divorce or same-sex marriage (Erber & Erber, 2001). On the other hand, some religions permit even more 'liberal' views of marriage, and if these religions form the law of the land, often times it is possible find the legalization of multiple partners, or polygamy. However, polygamy often acts in favour of men, with men being allowed to take multiple wives but women not being allowed to have multiple husbands. It is clear that often a culture's views on marriage are determined by the culture's relationship with religion."

Tags:relationships, divorce, family, partners

Abstract
Examines the cross-cultural representation of women's sexuality. Focus is on White, African Americans, Hispanic and Asian women. Idealized sexual images of women and effect on modern culture. Negative influence on young women. Roles of wife, mother, nurturer, superwoman (career and family) and sex object. Race as a social construct.

From the Paper
"CROSS CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN'S SEXUALITY IN US MEDIA

Introduction
The following research paper will explore the cross cultural representation of women's sexuality in the U.S. media, with respect to white, black, Asian, and Hispanic women. A comparison of these groups will be included in the discussion.

Women's Sexuality in the U.S. Media
Women's sexuality in the media is reported to reflect the ideal body image or shape and this image is viewed as socially acceptable and therefore internalized by women. Research shows that the media image of a woman's body has changed over the last 20 years to include a decrease in bust and hip measurements. Magazines have more articles on beauty and weight loss topics than before. Individual awareness of this sociocultural ..."

Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of behavior in the sexes using Gilmore's study of the Tahitians and Senai peoples as examples of gender roles and sex characteristics.

From the Paper
"In the last thirty years, Feminist and Anthropological theory has shifted the role of men and women in cultures towards a more gender-oriented approach. This paper will briefly identify the biological work of sexual difference and its recent implications and go beyond rough western scientism in order to survey the range of cultural roles of sex and gender in non-western societies and how this has been incorporated and explained in a wider debate. "

Tags:behavior, female, senai, tahiti, gender, difference, sex, characteristic

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of non-profit disaster mitigation organization. Specifically, the paper analyzes the American Red Cross including the mission of the organization, its involvement in recent disasters, and funding issues. The paper also examines the Red Cross's relief and disaster efforts.

From the Paper
"The American Red Cross has been in existence since the nineteenth century. Organized by nurse Clara Barton, it has grown to be one of the premier disaster mitigation organizations in the country and the world. It is a non-partisan, humanitarian organization responds to all types of local and national emergencies, from families displaced by home fires to war and terrorism victims. Its mission is to step in during any time of disaster and provide food, clothing, shelter, and assistance to any victims of that disaster."

Tags:American, Red, Cross, disaster, management

Abstract
This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.

From the Paper
"The terms "sex role," "sex role socialization," "gender role," and the term "role" itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms "sex" and "gender" are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because "sex" and gender" are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals' opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorizing has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms "sex roles" and "sex role socialization" is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."

Tags:biological, critique, feminist, functionalism, gender, post, reductionism, sex, structural, structuralist, theory

Abstract
This paper examines a number of issues concerning same-sex relationships. The paper focuses on same-sex relationships in Western history and discusses public perceptions of such relationships, looks at the role that the Gay and Lesbian movement has had in influencing public perception, discusses some of the conflicts seen between old and new gay groups. and discusses the harassment that gays and lesbians are often subjected to. The paper also looks at the move to legalize same-sex marriages and the issue of AIDS.

From the Paper
"Over the last five decades the gay and lesbian movement has been instrumental in reshaping public perceptions towards same-sex relationships in the US. Essentially, it is impossible to study public perceptions towards same-sex relationships without considering the role of the gay and lesbian movement. For gay and lesbian individuals this movement has enabled individuals who had previously been ostracized and stigmatized from mainstream social networks to carve a niche and feel a sense of belonging in alternative communities. Even more significantly the gay and lesbian movement..."

Tags:Same-sex, relationships, in, Western, history

Abstract
John Donne's famous line from 'Meditations XVII', "No man is an island unto himself", reflects ideas about the brotherhood of humankind that have echoed throughout time. Originally, the lines reflected ideas popular in the Renaissance about the interconnectedness of human experience. As time elapsed, this definition of brotherhood grew increasingly broader and began to cross boundaries of nationhood, sex, color and race. This paper argues that one of the justifications used by the Bush administration for invading Iraq is especially telling about how far the modern notion of brotherhood has extended. In saying that the U.S. invaded Iraq in order to help the Iraqi people, George Bush was effectively showing that the modern notion of brotherhood, seen in Donne's poem, extended beyond borders. The paper concludes that Donne's words reflect the ideal of brotherhood that has been seen in many situations and plays an increasingly important role in our modern lives.

From the Paper
"Given increasing globalization, it is more important than ever for citizens of the world to understand and adopt the themes of brotherhood contained within Donne's Meditations XVII. In fact, the future of my generation may depend on the ability of humankind to see itself as part of a greater whole. Today, the speed of air travel and communication, intertwined economies, and the threat of terrorism and warfare mean that the actions of any one country or group can be felt almost immediately by the whole. Today, more than ever before "No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main.""

Tags:multiculturalism, democracy, Hussein

Abstract
This paper reports the diagnostic criteria and typical course of gender identity disorder including the theories of this disorder and the etiology and prevalence of this disorder. Evidence-based treatments found to be most effective are also reported as well as a consensus and controversies of the disorder in this field of study.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Clinical Diagnosis
Cause and Prevalence of GID
Controversies in the Field
Evidence-Based Therapies
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Duncan Osborne entitled: "Voices- Identity Crisis" relates the condition and the controversies very well in a story that tells of a five-year-old boy whom he treated. Later the child was treated as an adult. Osborne relates that generally these children who have been diagnosed with gender identity disorder grow up to be homosexual. Osborne reports a study conducted in the early 1980's by Green who finds that, among 44 such boys with gender identity disorder that: "...75% were either gay or bisexual and one wanted sex reassignment.""
According to Osborne, Psychologist Kenneth J. Zucker, head of Toronto's Child and Adolescent Gender Identity Service at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, is a "leading GID expert who has seen roughly 625 children or adolescents since 1978." (2003) According to Osborne, Zucker states that: "The majority of kids will have resolved their gender dysphoria and identify themselves as gay. We're also going to find that around 15% have a significant gender dysphoria that has persisted into adolescence and young adulthood to the point where they are wanting sex reassignment. If we add on to that a small minority of kids who report being heterosexual, we're seeing a real range of outcomes." (Osborne, 2

Tags:theories, assigned sex, cross-sex roles, mood disorders, surgery