Abstract
This paper presents a section-by-section review of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," compiled by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. The paper provides examples from each chapter of the book. Each section of the book deals with the myriad and diverse studies of gender.

From the Paper
"One very interesting angle on the study of man and woman in prehistory is provided by Lila Leibowitz ("Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences"), who provided a detailed account of primates? male-female roles. In the end, after writing an intriguing article, Leibowitz concludes that there is currently a "distorted" collection of evidence as to the gender roles in primates. Her hypothesis is very compelling, and she does not seem to be elitist in the least (which sometimes happens with scholars whose knowledge far surpasses the lay person). She explains that her hypothesis is presented in response ?to a spate of evolutionary theories which stress that our sex-role destiny along with our sexual anatomy was settled a long time ago.? Clearly she does not espouse a rigid view of the evolution of physical differences between men and women, and how sex roles came about. She calls for more study of the existing data."

Tags:sex, roles, evolution

Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews the five sections of "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective," written by Caroline Brettell and Carolyn Sargent. The paper specifically focuses on the topics presented in the novel of the demands made of women, imbalances between genders, the power that women hold in society, whether or not women have a voice in society and exactly how many men perceive themselves.

From the Paper
"The final section of this text is the introductions that are included at the beginning of every section in order to give some background information on, as well as the context of, the issue that is being discussed. Since there are so many different issues regarding the anthropology of gender, the context of what is being discussed is very important so that the reader is able to articulate the ideas in an effective manner. Those who are not experienced in the subject might not yet have the skills to decipher exactly what the issue is and why is it so important, so these introductions are a very good way to get this point across. These introductions also include a reference list, which are present in order to give both the teacher and the student the opportunity to do further readings on the subject, which could open up a variety of essay questions and discussion topics. This is important because it does not limit the course material to what is present in the textbook, but expands it further, into areas that the student would otherwise not know about. One of the most effective learning techniques is to experience things from a variety of different points of view, and the inclusion of this reference list does this by providing these different points of view. There is always something to discuss and always something to question, and this textbook provides a number of different sources to look into when deciding what exactly should be discussed in class."

Tags:inequality, society, gender, sexuality, relationship

Abstract
In comparing the distinct urban forms of Toronto's outer and inner regions - as represented by the areas of Hwy 7 & West Beaver Creek and Yonge & Bloor - one is initially struck by the similarities between the two areas in terms of the dominance of recent concrete constructions and high flows of vehicular traffic. This being said, as this report will reveal, a critical perspective will show fundamental differences beneath this similarity that relate to the density of construction, the built form of both areas, the land use and how street traffic is organized in both cases. In this analysis, we will see how a combination of factors have rendered the central city area highly distinct from the outer area of the city.

From the Paper
A Cross-Section Comparison of Toronto: Outer and Central City Areas Introduction In comparing the distinct urban forms of Toronto's outer and inner regions - as represented by the areas of Hwy 7 & West Beaver Creek and Yonge & Bloor - one is initially struck by the similarities between the two areas in terms of the dominance of recent concrete constructions and high flows of vehicular traffic. This being said, as this report will reveal, a critical perspective will show fundamental differences beneath this similarity that relate to the density of construction, the built form of

Tags:section, urbana, toronto

Abstract
The paper discusses the United States' serious nursing crisis and predictions that this trend will only get worse in the future, showing that the changing demographics of an aging population are largely to blame. The paper also shows that nursing shortages are greater in areas requiring higher levels of education, such as Masters or Doctorate Degrees and that not enough nurses are pursuing educational paths to fill this need. Congress has offered tuition reimbursement and grant programs to help fund higher education and Nursing Associations are working to create faster tracks to a careers in nursing. Other methods discussed are media campaigns which have highlighted the advantages of nursing. This research examines the factors that influence a nurse's decision to pursue higher education and gives insight as to how to eliminate some of the barriers that prevent them from entering into higher education.

Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Scope of the Nursing Shortage
What is Being Done?
Have these Measures Been Effective?
Motivating Factors for Nurses to Pursue Continuing Education
The Traditional Career Path
Distance Learning and the Nursing shortage
What this Research Hopes to Answer
Methodology
Data Collection
Subject Selection Criteria
Data Analysis
Assumptions
Limitations
Biases
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Distance learning offers many advantages over traditional programs. The first advantage is cost. As distance learning facilities do not have the high costs of maintaining all of those classrooms as in a traditional setting, they have lower over head costs and can offer their services at a much lower rate. Convenience is the biggest advantage. Many nursing students start families and must begin working as soon as they obtain their license. They often have many job and family responsibilities that would prevent them from having a career and going to school, without sacrificing family or professional life. Distance learning allows them to work at home, many times at their own pace, and still enjoy the benefits of family and professional life."

Tags:AACN, Labor, Statistics, FNHP, TriCouncil, Distance, Learning

Abstract
This paper examines the traditional German family structure and how it is connected to larger cultural values of German society as a whole. It discusses its customs, celebrations and its concept of family. The paper explains that German society is generally patriarchal and continues to explore the traditional role of women in German society. The author explores the impact of industrialization, WWII and the Holocaust on society.

From the Paper
"It is difficult to present an accurate overview of any large cultural group because there are in any such group a range of expressions of the common culture. However this important cave aside it is certainly possible to distinguish broad cultural difference ..."

Tags:german, family, culture, children

Abstract
In his ethnography "The Forest People," Colin Turnbull has done an excellent job of providing details of the different aspects of the BaMbuti. This essay gives a descriptive analysis of three cultural traits of the BaMbuti's culture from a functionalist perspective. The three topics discussed in this paper include politics, economics, and religion. There are many examples that could be included within each topic; however, for the purpose of this paper, it focuses mainly on one particular example for each section.

From the Paper
"With regards to political organization, the BaMbuti is a tightly knit hunter-gatherer tribe that has its own unique set of checks and balances. From a structural-functionalist perspective, peoples of the BaMbuti have no formal political authority; there are neither formal written laws, nor law enforcement agencies needed in the BaMbuti's relatively simple social structure. To the BaMbuti, cooperation is key concerning decisions affecting the group as a whole (Turnbull 124)."

Tags:figureheads, Belgian, Epulu, hunter

Abstract
This paper relates that epidemiology studies can be classified as either observational or experimental. The paper then lists the types of studies that make up observational studies as well as the types of studies that make up experimental studies. The paper then goes on to describe the most common types of studies used in epidemiological studies such as cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and case-control studies.

From the Paper
"Cross-sectional studies are typically descriptive, and because they are quick and cost efficient, are used to measure the prevalence of a disease and assess the health of populations. They are used in studying rare exposures and rare diseases as it is convenient for measuring several exposures at once for trying to find the association between the risk factor and disease outcome. A cross-sectional study begins by choosing individuals to participate and then collecting data from primary sources, such as surveys, or secondary sources, such as medical records. When measuring risk factor and disease outcome, it is never easy to find "possible causative association" because exposure and effect are measured at the same time. It is for this reason that it remains unknown to whether disease or exposure came first and so an association between the both may remain uncertain. Also bias can occur which can alter the true values. "

Tags:cohort, cross-sectional, trials, case, control, observational

Abstract
The paper compares the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. The paper examines the type of study units used, the type of data gathered and whether the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental. The paper compares the internal and external validity of the studies and examines if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population.

Outline:
Abstract
Units of Analysis
Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Design
Experimental, Quasi-Experimental or Non-experimental Design
Internal Validity
External Validity
Randomness
Generalizable to a Larger Population

From the Paper
"The researchers in the WPLP Survey used individual surveys to gather data on the perceived success of leadership training for command officers in the various police departments as offered by the Los Angeles Police Department. The gathering of individual surveys, collecting and analyzing data from individuals is an example of researchers using individual units of analysis (Jenks, Carter Jenks& Correia, 2006 p.56). The Profile Data research involved gathering data from traffic stops conducted in several large metropolitan areas to find evidence of racial profiling. There were approximately 540,000 individual traffic stop incidents (Joiner, 2006, p.73). Although data was gathered on the individuals involved in the traffic stops, this data was part of a large review of the traffic stop incident records of the different police departments of the large metropolitan areas, thus the units of analysis was group units."

Tags:non-experimental, experimental, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, randomness, generalizability, validity

Abstract
The paper examines a journal article by Scott South, Kyle Crowder and Erick Chavez where the issue of social mobility is discussed extensively and quantitatively. In the article, entitled, "Exiting and Entering High Poverty Neighborhoods: Latinos, Blacks, and Anglos Compared," the authors provided a profile of people, particularly based on different ethnic membership, who are most likely to go down the social mobility ladder, that is, experience high poverty. The paper discusses the four methods utilized extensively in the study: cross-sectional study, panel study, survey research and meta-analysis. The paper reveals that an important insight generated from this study is that a problem can be better resolved with the help of more than one research method.

Outline:
Introduction
Methodological Concepts
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The study generated interesting findings concerning the different profiles and propensities to experience high or low poverty among the three ethnic membership studied: Latinos, Blacks, and Anglos. While the study's finding showed that Latinos are more likely to find themselves in high-poverty neighborhoods, the descent from low- to high-poverty occurs increasingly among Blacks. Meanwhile, Anglos have the least susceptibility to experience high poverty, and have the highest chance of ascending from high- to low-poverty status."

Tags:cross-sectional, panel, survey, meta-analysis, study

Abstract
This paper discusses applications other than marketing and sales in relation to corporations doing research. These other applications include human resources and internal auditing. The paper further evaluates cross-sectional, retroactive, and longitudinal studies, including an analysis of their advantages and disadvantages.

From the Paper
"Exploratory research can be used when forming a hypothesis or simply observing trends. It is not scientifically performed and often relies on secondary data. No hard-and-fast conclusions can be drawn from it. (Ontario Holstery Institute) In addition to marketing and sales descriptive research is useful to human resources in determining what types of job candidates are available. Also purchasing can use descriptive data to determine whether they are getting the best value for the company's money. Finally auditors can use descriptive research to determine if..."

Tags:research, methods, longitudinal, cross-section, retrospective, studies, management, concern, corporate, problem, solving