Abstract
This paper provides an analytical review of Walt Whitman's poem, "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry," focusing on the themes of equality and difference. The paper explains that Whitman, by incorporating his experience with the Civil War as well as the industrial revolution of the United States, threads together the past and the future, promoting equality not only within time and distance, but in its attitude and thought. By examining the use of parallel structure and repetition, the paper notes that Whitman plays with the relationship between difference and equality. The paper adds that by focusing on the figurative language of rhetorical questioning imagery, in addition to the rhythm of action and movements, Whitman shows how equality can be established against the passing of time and the advancing nation. In conclusion, the paper asserts that Walt Whitman's "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" is a poem that not only exposes the differences within the people and the geography of the nation, but also shows the theme of equality that unites these differences.

From the Paper
"By examining the symbols, imageries, metaphors, and rhetorical questionings, Whitman places throughout "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry," one can see Whitman's loyalty to the democratic ideal of equality that seems to go against that specific era. Because the poem is written in the period of the Second Industrial Revolution, one can see the technological and economic progress of the United States through the developments and advancements of steam-powered ships and railways. One of the most transparent images used is the ferry, which symbolizes not only the continual action of "crossing from shore to shore," but also the invisible motion of passing time. The vivid imagery of the river "with the swift current" and the "bright flow," then parallels the motion of the ferry, unifying nature's response to the Industrial Revolution (lines 23-24). More importantly, Whitman shows that equality can be established against the passing of time and the advancing nation by purposely not differentiating between the natural elements and the artificially created advancements."

Tags:metaphor, poetry

Abstract
The paper examines Bill Evans' life and career, musical influences, and a sampling of his compositions and performances that show strong cross-cultural elements. The paper analyzes three of his most cross-cultural albums; "Symbiosis", "Bill Evans Trio with Symphony Orchestra" and "From Left to Right". The paper concludes that more research should be done on this aspect of Evans' music, as knowing the cross-cultural influences can help us grasp the complexities and beauty of his style.

Outline:
Introduction
Bill Evans' Life and Early Career
Bill Evans' Cross-Cultural Influences
Three Cross-Cultural Albums
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Without question, Bill Evans is one of the greatest musicians of all time. He has been called a "poet of the piano" because of the incredible sensitivity and lyricism he brought to jazz piano playing, and also because of the complexity, richness, and sophistication he brought to jazz harmonies . During his twenty-five year career in the post-bop era, spanning from 1955-1980, he recorded over seventy albums, both as a sideman for other artists and as a leader of his own ensembles. Bill Evans' music touched fans from all over the world because he played on extensive concert tours, both within the United States and abroad. He also received accolades from critics and the public alike, winning the Down Beat Critic's Poll five times, six Grammy awards for his albums, the Melody Maker award in 1968, and Scandinavia's Edison Award and Japan's Swing Journal award in 1969."

Tags:album, piano, tracks, rhythm, notes

Abstract
This paper reviews Richard Fletcher's book, "The Cross and the Crescent," which presents a history of the relations between Muslims and Christians. The reviewer sees Fletcher's work as coming at an opportune times, since today the West often feels a sense of hysteria regarding anything related to Islam. The reviewer sees the "The Cross and the Crescent" as providing important information about Islamic civilization and culture, presenting the Arab world in a more comprehensive way. The reviewer also describes the Muslim view of the Christian world, and concludes by citing Fletcher's opinion that both cultures influenced each other.

From the Paper
"Fletcher's book focuses on the attitude that the Muslims had regarding to the Christians and vice-versa more than to purely historical aspects. For example, he pays not so much attention to the historical events of the crusades, but to the effect they had on the Muslim population. The book provides a valuable insight to Islam and to the relations between Islam and Christianity."

Tags:Cross, and, the, Crescent, Richard, Fletcher, Christianity, Islam, West

Abstract
The premise of this study is to argue against the absolutism of Virginia's laws that make it illegal for any type of cross burning. The paper discusses how the critical issue of racial intimidation through the Klu Klux Klan in "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, yet they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state.

Tags:cross, burning, religion

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of non-profit disaster mitigation organization. Specifically, the paper analyzes the American Red Cross including the mission of the organization, its involvement in recent disasters, and funding issues. The paper also examines the Red Cross's relief and disaster efforts.

From the Paper
"The American Red Cross has been in existence since the nineteenth century. Organized by nurse Clara Barton, it has grown to be one of the premier disaster mitigation organizations in the country and the world. It is a non-partisan, humanitarian organization responds to all types of local and national emergencies, from families displaced by home fires to war and terrorism victims. Its mission is to step in during any time of disaster and provide food, clothing, shelter, and assistance to any victims of that disaster."

Tags:American, Red, Cross, disaster, management

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses cross-cultural communication and challenges that arise when people come together in a negotiation. The writer maintains that it is important to recognize the different agendas that individuals have in a negotiation and the prejudices that they bring with them to the table. The writer uses notes from video cases to analyze three different situations.

From the Paper
"This exercise demonstrated the challenges that arise when people come together in a negotiation. It is important to recognize the different agendas that individuals have in a negotiation and the prejudices that they bring with them to the table. The best negotiators are also those who are adept at dealing with egos-both at putting their own ego aside and recognizing how to appeal to the ego of others involved in the negotiations. In this way negotiation involves both sales skills and psychology. Threats although sometimes effective ..."

Tags:cross-cultural communication, negotiation

Abstract
If the purpose of social science, at large, involves the testing of possible theories and models for social improvement, it will have to contend with what at first appear to be complicating factors in increased numbers of places and situations in which cross or inter-cultural dynamics are at work.

Tags:cross-cultural, imperative

Abstract
This paper is a critical analysis of cross-cultural politeness using the Brown and Levinson's model as a basis for defining and understanding politeness and applying it to three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese.

From the Paper
"What is politeness? If I propose that politeness be used as pragmatically terminology, the preferable definition is to be found in appropriateness. It can be also said to be universal only in the sense that every society has some sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, although these norms are vary. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural context by applying a well-known Brown and Levinson s model (1978 and revised in 1987), which has been applied in various settings, from casual services, encounters to EFL classrooms. However, Brown and Levinson s model (1978) has been criticized for being too geared to Western (especially American) notions of independence and, hence, for its limited applicability in Asian contexts. I have attempted in the following by first giving a general and brief account for Brown and Levinson s model (1978), and then try to apply and analyze the Brown and Levinson s model (1978) in three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese. "

Tags:acts, brown, cantonese, chinese, comparison, culture, differences, face, japanese, levinson, politeness, threatening, cross-cultural

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that African-American musical culture has been for the most part self-contained for the past 200 hundred years or so, with such highly influential factors as racism, oppression, and exploitation not easily crossing over into other spheres of influence. For example, from slave songs to reggae, rap and hip hop, black music and lyrics have traditionally expressed radical sentiments that did not easily assimilate into the mainstream white culture. The writer discusses that today, with the advent of hip-hop music that situation is rapidly changing, as hip-hop may prove to be the first African-American musical subgenre that is incorporated without change into the mainstream white culture. The writer concludes that unlike any other subculture and musical genre in African-American history, the hip hop way of life has transcended ethnic boundaries and permeated the mainstream white culture.

From the Paper
"Hip-hop is by no means the first instance of black music being adopted by whites. For example, rock performers like Elvis Presley and The Beatles early records contained cover versions of rhythm and blues and rock and roll songs originally recorded by African American artists. This was later followed by reggae rhythms being incorporated into mainstream pop music. Most recently, traditionally African-American hip-hop music and culture has now become assimilated into the mainstream white culture, in the United States and around the world, perhaps to a greater extent than any other African-American musical subgenre."

Tags:musical, racial, rhythm, rap

Abstract
The author states many music historians believe that Mozart attained his greatest heights as a composer with his string quintets. The paper analyzes the minuet as a musical translation of popular musical dances of the era and compares the two minuets. The paper continues that it is important to recognize that listeners of Mozart today are different from listeners in Mozart's day. The author concludes that, to understand Mozart's Minuets, the listener must explore the roots of the form of the piece and the piece's history.

From the Paper
"Before analyzing the pieces themselves, one must first consider exactly what a minuet is. A minuet is dance in a moderate triple time. It has a light texture. "Some minuets have a cross-rhythm that makes two bars of 3/4 sound like one bar of 3/2 (as in courante). Unlike other dances, it is often in ternary form. It is one of the only Baroque dance forms that survived into the late symphony of the Classical era, besides the trio." From a listener's point of view, this "light" or "sprightly" texture translates into an almost humorous, dancing quality to the music."

Tags:string, quintet, historians, translation, dances, form, history, d, major, 6, orchestration, cross-rhythm, structure, emotion