Abstract
The premise of this study is to argue against the absolutism of Virginia's laws that make it illegal for any type of cross burning. The paper discusses how the critical issue of racial intimidation through the Klu Klux Klan in "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, yet they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state.

Tags:cross, burning, religion

Abstract
This paper summarizes and critiques an article entitled "Effect of Therapist Color-Blindness on Empathy and Attributions in Cross-Cultural Counseling." The paper probes the nature of the relationship between a therapist's racial attitudes and beliefs and his or her multicultural counseling competency. The paper also presents a hypothesis for future study of this topic.

Tags:Therapist, cross-cultural, racial, client, counseling

Abstract
This paper explains that the current debate about the legitimacy of cross burning under state law has been a conflicting issue with the primary constitutional provisions, which protect a person's right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment. The author points out that the critical issue of racial intimidation by the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) in the case of "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, although they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state. The paper concludes that the premise of racial intimidation portrays a contextual denial of the right to burn a cross at a KKK rally, but the religious nature of Virginia's law violated the Fist Amendment of the Constitution.

From the Paper
"This perspective has brought great controversy over the use of derogatory language as a basis for intimidation, but since the Virginia law did not provide any type of deeper semantics to the issue of the "breach of peace" the Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional to prevent cross burning. The premise of religious freedom took a precedence in this ruling, since the very language of the Constitution does not deny any type of freedom of religious expression, but only if it does not physically harm another person. Perhaps, the ruling of "Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire" goes against this form of intimidation as an exception."

Tags:state, klu klux klan, absolutism religious contextual

Abstract
This paper shall contrast the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant Survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. These two studies are examined as to type of study units used either group or individual, data gathered being cross-sectional or longitudinal, identifying if the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental, comparing the internal and external validity of the studies, and if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population.

From the Paper
"This paper shall contrast the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant Survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. These two studies are examined as to type of study units used either group or individual, data gathered being cross-sectional or longitudinal, identifying if the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental, comparing the internal and external validity of the studies, and if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population."

Tags:law, enforcement, punishment, discrimination, brutality

Abstract
This paper explains that, in clinics and emergency rooms across the country, the beliefs and practices of other cultures are on a collision course with Western medicine, which frustrates caregivers, who should use diplomacy to better handle these situations and to educate their patients. The author suggests that caregivers investigate their patient's' racial, cultural, economic and linguistic background by asking such questions as: "Was it difficult for you to adjust to the United States?" and "How do people in your culture go about solving problems such as yours?" The paper summarizes that accessibility to public health, awareness of cultural differences and the ability to effectively communicate will keep America's tapestry of diverse cultures healthy.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Public Health Accessibility
Cultural Assessment
Communication and Interpreters

From the Paper
"Whenever patients feel limited in using the English language, it comforts them to use their mother tongue. They tend to feel less inhibited in expressing themselves. Speaking their native language also helps them to get in touch with their emotions. That is why doctors and nurses frequently will ask for translation assistance if they do not speak a patient's language. A medical professional can also carefully observe body language and non-verbal cues to get a sense of the patient's condition.In obtaining translation assistance, one should employ a health care coworker or interpreter to translate, rather than use a family member or children."

Tags:awareness, accessibility, communicate, frustration, background

Abstract
This paper argues that the success of mixed marriages depends on the compatibility of the members in the couples, the type of mixed marriage, and the society in which the mixed marriage occurs, rather than on any certain percentages for failure or success. Includes a two-page outline.

From the Paper
"The marriage institutions has survived thousands, maybe more, years without any significant changes. Nowadays, however, the marriage relationship is experiencing dramatic changes. Marriage is one of the oldest and most sacred relationships in the world. Until a few decades ago, its definition was simple and its outcome was expected. This is no longer so since over the past decades a revolution has occurred in the meaning and the outcome of marriage. Marriages need not be between similar background people any more and, in some cases, does not even need to be between males and females. Couples no longer stay together because they should or because it is for the sake of the children, but only if they want to and are happy. Quite simply, globalization and cultural developments have changed the concept of marriage. This is also obvious in traditional societies such as Egypt. Just a few decades ago, acceptable marriages traditionally occurred within the family or, within the circle of family friends or acquaintances. Mixed marriages were rare, and almost unheard of. Today, and as the world transforms into a global village, mixed marriages are becoming more common. A mixed marriage, defined in "What About Cross Cultural Marriages," is a marriage between people from different cultures; this includes cross-cultural, cross-racial and cross-religious marriages."

Tags:custom, divorce, racial, religious

Abstract
This paper looks at the controversy of cross-racial adoptions. In particular, the paper looks at the arguments posed by Native Americans that oppose the adoption of Native American children by Caucasians.

From the Paper
"The issue of cross-racial adoptions, where parents of one race adopt a child from another race, has been controversial for some time. Both African-Americans and Native Americans point to abuses in the history of the United States. They often feel that Caucasian parents should not raise children of their race. The difficulty is that there are more children of color to be adopted than there are parents of the same race ready, able and willing to adopt them."

Tags:history, abuse, federal, government, tribe, culture, boarding, schools, separate, cultural, genocide

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the counseling process in cross-cultural counseling. Views are presented for both sides of the issue. Although some educators feel the clients suffer articles are cited with evidence that this is not necessarily true. Problems occur in counseling minority students because it is difficult to establish a rapport. There are racial and cultural attitudes that the client and counselor bring to the relationship. If these ethnic and cultural attitudes are not clearly understood barriers develop which impede the counseling process.

The rapport established in the counseling process is the line of communication that must be maintained. The difficulties that arise when a white counselor is working with a black counselee stem from the separate status that has caused blacks ... "

Tags:

Abstract
This paper makes the contention that the facts on cultural diversity in American children's literature belie a terrible misrepresentation of minorities in the small number of books written about them. The larger Caucasian society of authors, as well as minority authors, must be responsible to bring forth a true democratic social responsibility in not ignoring other cultures in this type of literature. Although there should be a greater emphasis on publishing more African-American or Hispanic children's literature, the issue of cross-cultural mixing should be the priority of both sides of this argument.

From the Paper
"By identifying aspects of minority culture in American society, one can realize how these books can help create racial diversity in a white hegemonic society. In essence, by understanding the problem with diversity in current children's literature, there should be a greater effort for authors and teachers to include other races and creeds in their creative writing projects and literature choices. The problem with racial diversity in children's literature is one that needs to be looked at with a rational point of view."

Tags:minority, children, book

Abstract
The paper compares the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. The paper examines the type of study units used, the type of data gathered and whether the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental. The paper compares the internal and external validity of the studies and examines if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population.

Outline:
Abstract
Units of Analysis
Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Design
Experimental, Quasi-Experimental or Non-experimental Design
Internal Validity
External Validity
Randomness
Generalizable to a Larger Population

From the Paper
"The researchers in the WPLP Survey used individual surveys to gather data on the perceived success of leadership training for command officers in the various police departments as offered by the Los Angeles Police Department. The gathering of individual surveys, collecting and analyzing data from individuals is an example of researchers using individual units of analysis (Jenks, Carter Jenks& Correia, 2006 p.56). The Profile Data research involved gathering data from traffic stops conducted in several large metropolitan areas to find evidence of racial profiling. There were approximately 540,000 individual traffic stop incidents (Joiner, 2006, p.73). Although data was gathered on the individuals involved in the traffic stops, this data was part of a large review of the traffic stop incident records of the different police departments of the large metropolitan areas, thus the units of analysis was group units."

Tags:non-experimental, experimental, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, randomness, generalizability, validity