Abstract
The paper begins by explaining the process of pollination and its necessity for reproduction. It distinguishes between different reproductive structures - sexual cells within the plant or cones. The paper first examines the procedure of cone-bearing pollination and then that of flowering pollination. This is followed by a study of self- pollination and the strengths and weaknesses possessed by species with this type of pollination. The benefits of cross-pollination are discussed and the paper concludes with a look at the role of pollinators.

From the Paper
"Pollination is when pollen grains from the male structures of plants are transferred to the female structures of plants. The pollen grains are vital for reproduction " they contain cells that will develop into male sex cells. The female structure contains the female sex cells, more commonly known as the egg. Pollination prepares the plant for fertilization " when the two sex cells join. Nearly all grains, vegetables, wildflowers, trees, and fruits must go through pollination in order to produce seeds (or fruits). Pollination is also critically important in the reproduction of crops grown agriculturally, such as corn, rice, wheat, apples, tomatoes, and squash. (Dickson)"

Tags:reproduction, reproductive, structures, sexual, cells, cone-bearing, flowering, self-, pollination, cross-pollination, pollinators

Abstract
The premise of this study is to argue against the absolutism of Virginia's laws that make it illegal for any type of cross burning. The paper discusses how the critical issue of racial intimidation through the Klu Klux Klan in "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, yet they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state.

Tags:cross, burning, religion

Abstract
This paper reviews Richard Fletcher's book, "The Cross and the Crescent," which presents a history of the relations between Muslims and Christians. The reviewer sees Fletcher's work as coming at an opportune times, since today the West often feels a sense of hysteria regarding anything related to Islam. The reviewer sees the "The Cross and the Crescent" as providing important information about Islamic civilization and culture, presenting the Arab world in a more comprehensive way. The reviewer also describes the Muslim view of the Christian world, and concludes by citing Fletcher's opinion that both cultures influenced each other.

From the Paper
"Fletcher's book focuses on the attitude that the Muslims had regarding to the Christians and vice-versa more than to purely historical aspects. For example, he pays not so much attention to the historical events of the crusades, but to the effect they had on the Muslim population. The book provides a valuable insight to Islam and to the relations between Islam and Christianity."

Tags:Cross, and, the, Crescent, Richard, Fletcher, Christianity, Islam, West

Abstract
If the purpose of social science, at large, involves the testing of possible theories and models for social improvement, it will have to contend with what at first appear to be complicating factors in increased numbers of places and situations in which cross or inter-cultural dynamics are at work.

Tags:cross-cultural, imperative

Abstract
This paper is a critical analysis of cross-cultural politeness using the Brown and Levinson's model as a basis for defining and understanding politeness and applying it to three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese.

From the Paper
"What is politeness? If I propose that politeness be used as pragmatically terminology, the preferable definition is to be found in appropriateness. It can be also said to be universal only in the sense that every society has some sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, although these norms are vary. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural context by applying a well-known Brown and Levinson s model (1978 and revised in 1987), which has been applied in various settings, from casual services, encounters to EFL classrooms. However, Brown and Levinson s model (1978) has been criticized for being too geared to Western (especially American) notions of independence and, hence, for its limited applicability in Asian contexts. I have attempted in the following by first giving a general and brief account for Brown and Levinson s model (1978), and then try to apply and analyze the Brown and Levinson s model (1978) in three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese. "

Tags:acts, brown, cantonese, chinese, comparison, culture, differences, face, japanese, levinson, politeness, threatening, cross-cultural

Abstract
This paper examines how, in 1933, the cross-pollination of banking and securities activities was blamed for the Great Depression, and measures such as the Glass-Steagall Act were taken to see that this never occurred again. It looks at how, although the legislation has been the object of ?finger-wagging? since, especially from large banking institutions, many argue that it not only served its original purpose, but also gave rise to the banking system of today. It discusses how, although the Glass-Steagall era came to a close, the foundation that was built on the back of this legislation created a solid structure of modern banking, which eventually became stable enough to illicit its demise.

From the Paper
"Previous to the Glass Steagall Act, the U.S. was in a significant depression. Over twenty-five percent of the population was unemployed and the banking system was unstable. More than 11,000 banks had gone under or had to merge which reduced the number of banks from 25,000 to 14,000, a 40 percent decrease. In early 1933, President Roosevelt closed all banks and called a Congressional hearing that seemed to show that bankers and brokers were guilty of dishonest dealings and many misuses of the public's money and trust. Historians have different conclusions about the role that these abuses might have played in the banking crash."

Tags:roosevelt, depression, banking

Abstract
This paper explains that, by the early 1920s, Mexican Secretary of Education Vasconcelos ensured the creation of an artistic renaissance in which Mexican artists reinterpreted Mexican history in accord with revolutionary principles, locating major works of arts on the walls of public buildings and, thus, making them accessible to the most humble and unlettered of Mexicans. The author points out that Mexico became a destination of choice for Americans and Europeans with a wide variety of leftist views, ranging from liberalism to communism. The paper explores the work of Diego Rivera, unmistakably a major light in the Mexican Muralist Movement, and his wife Frida Kahlo, who was not a muralist, but who retained some of the essential characteristics that defined the Mexican Muralist Movement.

Table of Contents
Background
Spiritual Revolution
Cross-Pollination via Admiration
A Different Sort of Revolution, a Different Sort of Art
Foundations of the New Art
Diego Rivera
Frida Kahlo

From the Paper
"Others besides Delpar regard this as "the most fascinating phase of the whole revolutionary movement , the attempt to readjust the spiritual and cultural background of an entire nation in accordance with the revolutionary changes that the machine age had produced". Vasconcelos expanded cultural activities widely, including archaeology, ancient history of Mexico, religion, literature, music and the visual arts. Until then, none had ever been developed as integrated parts of the nation's cultural heritage. The most vital and strongest to emerge, and one that has been uniquely identified with Mexico, is mural painting."

Tags:indian, culture, mural, riveria, kajlo

Abstract
This paper discusses a legal case study that revolves around the Monsanto company (plaintiff) versus Mr. Percy Schmeiser (defendant), of Saskatchewan, Canada. The paper relates that Monsanto claims that Mr. Schmeiser knowingly planted Monsanto's patented canola seed by saving the cross-pollinated seed from the previous year and is seeking patent infringement damages, since he was not a licensee of the patent. On the other hand, Mr. Schmeiser claims that he did not plant or buy any seed from Monsanto, and that his canola seeds were naturally cross-pollinated by bees, wind, and passing trucks. The paper outlines the legal issues and arguments on both sides of the case and concludes that the main issue of the case is that Monsanto is becoming a monopoly. The paper argues that the farmers must take control of this situation immediately and demand sovereignty against Monsanto's control. The paper further argues that the farmers must formulate a class-action lawsuit against Monsanto, and stop buying seed or anything else Monsanto is selling. Governmental regulators then need to stay the course and find in favor of traditional farming.

Table of Contents:
Diagnosis
Focal Points For Action
Short Term Issues
Long Term Issues
Profitability Segment
2005 Data
United States Patent Law
Canadian Patent Law
Patent Rights
Alternatives
The Issue
Decisions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Canada does not allow higher life forms to be patented, yet, the Schmeiser decision, by a 5-4 majority, suggests that patent holders of components of higher life forms have found way around this barrier. This decision does an apparent end run around the prohibition against planting higher life forms by finding patent infringement in cases where a non-licensee possesses a whole that contains a patented part. This effectively provides a monopolistic protection of the whole to patent holders of the part, even though such patents are not permitted under law."

Tags:monopoly, organic, canada, profitability, class-action

Abstract
This paper briefly presents some of the arguments posed for and against the use of genetically modified crops. It then discusses Monsanto's ambitious attempt at forcing genetically modified foods into the marketplace and the resulting loss of public confidence in genetically modified foods. The paper also discusses government policies concerning genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and what role activism should play regarding the use of GMOs.

From the Paper
"The question of whether genetically modified organisms are beneficial or a safety hazard has been debated continuously since the 1980s. Proponents of genetically modified foods claim that this technology reduces the amounts of herbicides and pesticides necessary to kill weeds and insects on crops, allows for the production of more nutritiously enhanced foods, and it also helps developing nations grow much needed crops that may support their populations (Lazaroff, 2000). Opponents to genetically modified foods argue that altering the natural genetic structure of plants could irreversibly change all crops through cross-pollination, could harm wildlife, or could create strains of herbicide resistant weeds that could take over entire crops, resulting in economic disasters and food shortages (Barboza, 2001)."

Tags:agricultural, regulation, foods, wildlife, banned, european, markets, cross-pollination

Abstract
This paper critiques Calloway's book about the uniqueness of the American nation and how evidence of this uniqueness can be found in history long before the founding of the nation itself. The paper concludes that the book is valuable not simply because of the wealth of information it includes, but also because it shows that, from the beginning, there was no seamless and harmonious American identity, that America was a land founded on many cultures.

From the Paper
"When positing why America is unique as a nation, Americans often respond with references to American legal guarantees of freedom that date back to the founding of the Constitution, or, at the earliest, the 1776 Declaration of Independence. However, early American historian Colin Calloway contends that America's uniqueness as a nation extends far back in its history, long before the founding of the nation itself, to the plurality of nationalities and cultures that made up its early ethnic and cultural landscape during the first American settlements. Calloway challenges the idea that America was 'naturally' of the Native peoples and then impinged upon by European cultures. He also challenges the European historical worldview that Native culture was completely destroyed by immigration and European encroachment. Rather, he suggests that the varieties and pluralities of Indian culture were in dialogue with Europe in the so-called New World, and these cultural dialogues created a cultural landscape never seen before. Although the Europeans may have ultimately become the conquerors of the territory of what is now the United States of America, the cultural dialogue between native and conquering people is still in evidence. This has been true throughout history, from the Anglo-Saxon absorption through cultural "confluences" after the 1066 sacking of England, but is no were 'as true' as the European settlements' role in reconfiguring the culture of the Americas. (Calloway, 2)"

Tags:tribes, european, nations, interactions, diseases, missionary, efforts, natives, colonies, frontier, cross-pollination, intermarriage