Abstract
In this paper, a cross-gender analysis of Nora and Gilbert in the film and novel adaptations of The Thin Man are analyzed. The writer discusses that Nora is a character that crosses normative gender boundaries that are part of patriarchal norms, revealing a woman that is more aggressive than her husband and willing to take adventures to solve murder mysteries. She can certainly be feminine in her role with Nick, but she often incites the conflict that she and Nick encounter with the Wynant family.

Tags:thin, man

Abstract
This essay outlines the experience of cross gendered people in both India and the West and discusses liminal aspects of cross gendered experience. The paper begins with a history of the separation of "gender" and "sex", which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century. The use of the term "gender" as a reference for the social aspects of sex identity first occurred in the context of clinical research on intersexuality (hermaphroditism) in the 1950's. The paper then explores the issues of transgender and cross-gender in today's times, specifically focusing on India as compared to the West. The paper explains that sex and gender are currently being redefined by feminist scholars with challenges to the 'universal' sex/gender binary through cross-cultural analysis.

From the Paper
"One of the most dynamic and relevant areas in anthropology today is the field of sex and gender in anthropology, with feminist scholars redefining Western, and anthropological, sex/gender "norms" through cross-cultural analysis. "The possibility of having more than two genders was opened up by divorcing gender from sexual morphology and by associating gender rather, indeed primarily, with social role and labor tasks" (Ramet 1996: 2). While concepts of universal, male:female, sexual binaries are being called into question, cross-cultural evidence and anthropological theories are being employed in entirely new ways."

Tags:berdache, binary, oppositions, feminist, hermaphrodite, hijra, sex, sex-change, transsexual

Abstract
This essay is an evaluation of a recent paper published in the journal "Women's Studies International Forum," published by Scheyvens and Leslie, in which the authors present facts and discussions related to several important issues for researchers pursuing ethnographic and cultural studies related to women especially third world women. This essay involves an assessment of the following: Is there, or should there (or not) be a power distinction between the researchers and their subjects? Can the work be regarded as legitimate because of the vast differences in cultural perceptions? Certain ethical questions also crop up: Can the researchers bridge the gender divide and have males research females in third world countries? Is there an imposition of a researcher's sentimentality on the research, and is this exploitative? How valuable is such research? Can it be presented objectively, honestly and more importantly in an unbiased manner? And, can such research help empower third world women? This essay addresses these issues within the context of the Scheyvens and Leslie's paper.

From the Paper
"The authors' work is also very limited. Consider the countries they talk about: Fiji, El Salvador, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. The title of their paper is misleading; it promises sweeping work that would lead to generalized conclusions. The countries used in the research do not allow that. The countries researched are very isolated, quasi-aboriginal and primitive cultures though, this is not an indictment of these countries. Developing countries (third world) like India and China where poverty and sexism exist within a modern infrastructure (and a range of social situations' urban and rural) would provide a better subject for such a study. Religion (or its lack in China) plays an important role in the customs and traditions of these countries. Also, India and China have enjoyed fairly evolved civilizations before becoming the over-populated behemoths they are today. The paper, in its limited scope, should be more aptly titled "Empowerment of women of the Pacific Islands and El Salvador." "

Tags:power, gradient, cross-gender, research, United, Nations

Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews the five sections of "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective," written by Caroline Brettell and Carolyn Sargent. The paper specifically focuses on the topics presented in the novel of the demands made of women, imbalances between genders, the power that women hold in society, whether or not women have a voice in society and exactly how many men perceive themselves.

From the Paper
"The final section of this text is the introductions that are included at the beginning of every section in order to give some background information on, as well as the context of, the issue that is being discussed. Since there are so many different issues regarding the anthropology of gender, the context of what is being discussed is very important so that the reader is able to articulate the ideas in an effective manner. Those who are not experienced in the subject might not yet have the skills to decipher exactly what the issue is and why is it so important, so these introductions are a very good way to get this point across. These introductions also include a reference list, which are present in order to give both the teacher and the student the opportunity to do further readings on the subject, which could open up a variety of essay questions and discussion topics. This is important because it does not limit the course material to what is present in the textbook, but expands it further, into areas that the student would otherwise not know about. One of the most effective learning techniques is to experience things from a variety of different points of view, and the inclusion of this reference list does this by providing these different points of view. There is always something to discuss and always something to question, and this textbook provides a number of different sources to look into when deciding what exactly should be discussed in class."

Tags:inequality, society, gender, sexuality, relationship

Abstract
A discussion of the human sexuality of cross-dressing as it relates to psychology. The paper investigates the findings published in several books and journals concerning cross-dressing. The research also focuses on the treatments that are available for individuals that cross-dress and their families. The paper begins by defining cross-dressing and the psychological factors that can lead to the behavior.

From the Paper
"Defining Cross Dressing can be a rather arduous task because it is a complex subject. One of the main topics that come to mind when addressing the subject is gender identity. (Bullough) A book entitled, Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender, explains that gender identity "is the total perception of the individual about his or her own gender. It includes a basic personal identity as a boy or girl, man or woman, as well as personal judgments about the individual's level of conformity to the societal norms of masculinity and femininity." (Bullough). The author goes on to explain that gender roles or the way that men and women are seen in society, can also contribute to cross dressing behavior."

Tags:gender, gay, homosexual

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between various cultures, particularly in terms of how people communicate with one anther. In this article the writer describes how humans interact and communicate with each other in a situational frame - and looks at this issue from a Martian's perspective. It is noted that human affection is not just sent and received by one gender to the other.

From the Paper
"In a world of cross-cultural societies, expertise in relationship building and acceptance is essential to succeed in a world of swift and profound cultural, political and economic changes. Some experts consider North America, to be a multi-nation and polytechnic continent that has accepted immigrants from countries around the world. It includes a diverse array of cultural traditions. Cultural identity is demonstrated through festivals, symbols, and landscape design. Multiple cultures must coexist, thus cultural conflicts must be resolved. Cross-cultural differences are relative to ethnic, national and religious differences."

Tags:communication, cross, cultural

Abstract
This paper shows the difference that agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation made in gender relationships.

From the Paper
"The first evidence of agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation that archaeologists and anthropologists have distinguished come from groups termed Horticulturists. Though the past record remains relatively scant in regards, anthropologists have used existing ones as a locus of study and interpretation. More numerous than surviving hunter-gatherer groups, horticultural societies also show an incredible range of gender diversity between groups, more numerous, in fact, than any other extent societal model. The quantity of studies that has come as a result of this are astounding. Those done in the area of New Guinea alone, home to at least two hundred different horticultural societies, provide ample evidence to add weight to the debate of nurture over nature, by sheer examples of the differences in living and understanding gender roles in such a relatively small and homogeneous environmental area. "

Tags:horticulture, anthropology, gender, roles, horticultural, societies

Abstract
This review of literature starts from basic sociological studies and statistical analyses, such as those provided by Public Health Canada, Census Canada and the World Health Organization, and moves on to cross-cultural studies. Further literature under review includes work that aims to reconsider the stability of categories such as 'gender' or the 'elderly'. Ultimately, this particular literature review indicates the need to move in a direction of study which aims not only to reiterate the ever-changing status quo, but to understand the links and interrelationships that give rise to it.

From the Paper
"As a topic of interest to pursue in this literature review, and for the remainder of my research in this course, the relationship between gender and aging might seem deceptively straightforward. We all hold, consciously or not, a number of assumptions and stereotypes about gender and its relationship to aging, and about aging more generally. The vague impressions we take as fact are probably influenced and determined, to a great extent, by half-truths gleaned in part from solid research, but also too often from hearsay. As a specific starting point for my review of the relevant literature I was working from a general impression that, within an aging population, women are more likely than men to experience..."

Tags:sociology, gender, aging

Abstract
This paper considers of the character of Dean Lily in the novel "The Illusionist" by Dinitia Smith and discusses to what extent s/he may be said to subvert or reconfigure traditional gender roles. It also discusses whether all non-hegemonic groups are marginalised and whether gender transgression is dangerous.

From the Paper
"Dean Lily became a performer, an entertainer, initially because it gave him some popularity at school. It gave him a form of status, and even though everyone thought he was strange, at least his peers more or less accepted him. As he grew older, Dean continued to play the magician, possibly as it gave him the freedom to hide behind the identity of entertainer. This averted the focus of his body. Tricks made it possible to hide any femininity that was left (the thin wrists [p 17], the long soft toes [p 29], the two faint mounds on his chest [p 30], the small body [p 14]) behind the hocus pocus of cards and magic. He liked to look, and did not like to be looked at."

Tags:cross, dresser, homosexuality, identity, masculine, sexual, transexual, illusionist

Abstract
This paper reports the diagnostic criteria and typical course of gender identity disorder including the theories of this disorder and the etiology and prevalence of this disorder. Evidence-based treatments found to be most effective are also reported as well as a consensus and controversies of the disorder in this field of study.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Clinical Diagnosis
Cause and Prevalence of GID
Controversies in the Field
Evidence-Based Therapies
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Duncan Osborne entitled: "Voices- Identity Crisis" relates the condition and the controversies very well in a story that tells of a five-year-old boy whom he treated. Later the child was treated as an adult. Osborne relates that generally these children who have been diagnosed with gender identity disorder grow up to be homosexual. Osborne reports a study conducted in the early 1980's by Green who finds that, among 44 such boys with gender identity disorder that: "...75% were either gay or bisexual and one wanted sex reassignment.""
According to Osborne, Psychologist Kenneth J. Zucker, head of Toronto's Child and Adolescent Gender Identity Service at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, is a "leading GID expert who has seen roughly 625 children or adolescents since 1978." (2003) According to Osborne, Zucker states that: "The majority of kids will have resolved their gender dysphoria and identify themselves as gay. We're also going to find that around 15% have a significant gender dysphoria that has persisted into adolescence and young adulthood to the point where they are wanting sex reassignment. If we add on to that a small minority of kids who report being heterosexual, we're seeing a real range of outcomes." (Osborne, 2

Tags:theories, assigned sex, cross-sex roles, mood disorders, surgery