Abstract
A discussion of the human sexuality of cross-dressing as it relates to psychology. The paper investigates the findings published in several books and journals concerning cross-dressing. The research also focuses on the treatments that are available for individuals that cross-dress and their families. The paper begins by defining cross-dressing and the psychological factors that can lead to the behavior.

From the Paper
"Defining Cross Dressing can be a rather arduous task because it is a complex subject. One of the main topics that come to mind when addressing the subject is gender identity. (Bullough) A book entitled, Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender, explains that gender identity "is the total perception of the individual about his or her own gender. It includes a basic personal identity as a boy or girl, man or woman, as well as personal judgments about the individual's level of conformity to the societal norms of masculinity and femininity." (Bullough). The author goes on to explain that gender roles or the way that men and women are seen in society, can also contribute to cross dressing behavior."

Tags:gender, gay, homosexual

Abstract
This paper examines how cross-dressing is an important element that renders serious repercussions in Shakespeare?s plays. Two plays that emphasize cross-dressing and its repercussions are "Twelfth Night" and "As You Like It". The writer points out that, while the characters of Viola and Rosalind have very different reasons to explain their cross-dressing, each circumstance, while causing complications, also works in their behalf. It explains how their ability to fool those around them generates interest and adds an element of complexity to each play, namely, that each woman is able to accomplish something she would not have been able to do as a woman. Rosalind teaches Orlando the ways of love, and Viola makes her way into Orsino's house and heart.

From the Paper
"In As You Like It, Rosalind is forced to assume to role of a man as a result of fleeing the Duke's Court and seeking refuge in the forest of Arden. Her logic stems from the fact that "beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold" (I.iii.107). She also believes that because she is "more common than tall" (I.iii.113), she could easily pass for a man. Rosalind also realizes that she must do more than dress for the occasion--she must also act the past. She declares that she will leave her fear in her heart and "have a swashing and a martial outside,/As many other mannish cowards have" (I.iii.117-8). Rosalind is forced to dress as a man but she also assumes the role with confidence and excitement."

Tags:rosalind, orsino, viola

Abstract
Like all people, gay men express themselves by how they dress, and those members of the gay community who 'cross-dress' or dress 'in drag' are no exception. This paper examines how society viewed gay men in earlier days, beginning with the Berdeche of Pre-Columbian Native America, and continuing until the present day. It examines, in particular, cross-dressers and drag queens whose very act of dressing 'differently' is a symbol of pride in their unique sexuality.

From the Paper
"Charles' style of cross-dressing is as "typical" of today's queens as is his devotion to the community and to his and other gay men's hard-won rights. The queen is not merely a simple copy of a heterosexual woman; rather she is a character that is at once uniquely gay in the fashions and attitudes she represents, and in the causes she espouses. Increasingly, even heterosexuals have come to see the deeper meanings behind what were once taboo images. Authors, artists, filmmakers, and those paragons of popular culture " advertisers " reach out to gay men in ways they never have before."

Tags:gay, homosexual, hetrosexual

Abstract
This paper explains that Dr. Geert Hofstede outlines the issues at play in communication and their reflection in a variety of national circumstances, professing the old adage, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do". The author points out that the UAE, Mexico and Spain differ greatly from each other in their approaches to the workplace, home life, politics and social standards, but each possess the ability to respect the other. The paper stresses that success is ultimately obtained by deferral to the other culture for the sake of one's ability to communicate and extending cultural niceties such as dressing conservatively in Spain and not reminding the Mexicans of their tortured history of external control.

From the Paper
"Men hug, time is relaxed, and because of the vivacious atmosphere, business negotiations starkly contrast those of the UAE, and instead of embracing silence, redefine hectic chaos. Many people will talk at once, and food is almost always involved. Communications, like the Spanish lifestyle, embrace length and quality; they are not efficient or up-to-the-minute like the hyperspeed world would expect. Business meetings may incorporate the four official languages of the Spanish, although Catalan and English are frequently deferred to for corporate use. The atmosphere, though friendly, is also rift with social processes constantly at play; colleagues of different company rank do not mix together at social functions, even if the event is a business dinner."

Tags:uae, mexico, spain, respect, deferral

Abstract
This paper examines how issues raised by cross-dressing and transgender identities in film are largely dependent on the way in which they are treated. It looks at how the mainstream cross-dressing comedy finds reasons to dismiss the potential danger of cross-dressing, while independent and foreign films such as "Ma Vie en Rose" and "All About My Mother" tend to offer a representation which is crude and possibly more accurate.

From the Paper
"Tootsie also highlights the way in which women are treated in the workplace, as he learns submission as an actress who has to obey. He used to be hard to work with as an actor but as Dorothy Michaels, he has the door shut to his face by the director and is also refused a drink when the director just says 'no, no, she's fine'. Moreover, he says that he would hit the director if he wasn't dressed as a woman, which points out to the social boundaries and expectations of what a woman should do and should not do, mainly that women do not hit and men should not hit women."

Tags:crossdressing, en, feminism, ma, queer, rose, transsexual, theory, tolerance, transvestite

Abstract
This paper is about the position of women in Shakespeare's plays, specifically "As You Like It","Merchant of Venice","Coriolanus", and "Hamlet". It discusses how his female characters separate out into two different groups: young innocent girls approaching marriage, and older widows whom political ambition has gotten the better of. The phenomenon of cross-dressing in the comedies is addressed, and the conclusion states firmly that the marital status of any particular Shakespearian woman is a good indicator of her moral worth.

Abstract
The paper explores Shakespeare's gender disguise that distorted female identity and investigates early modern constructions of gender as distinct from sexual difference. The paper examines the play "Twelfth Night" in order to show how it was Shakespeare's intention to challenge gender taboos of the Elizabethan age.

From the Paper
"Considered by critics as Shakespeare's best achievement in the comic genre, the play Twelfth Night or, What You Will affords an elaborate exploration of love and power relationships, gender roles and taboos. Identity poses highly confounding problems, as there are numerous layers to the characters' gender roles and their maze-like relationships and (homo) erotic affinities. Through a range of female characters and the implications of (wo)man disguises, Shakespeare exposes gender issues. Several heroines of the comedies appear in disguise on the Renaissance stage, which represents the cultural context of the play."

Tags:androgyny, disguise, men, women, masculine, feminine

Abstract
This paper discusses how "Twelfth Night" is a powerful vehicle for teaching its audiences several important lessons and how the play draws people in because it is an entertaining romantic comedy, complete with cross-dressing and the titillating misunderstandings that derive from the cross-dressing. It argues that the lessons are made more accessible because they are conveyed by characters and actions in a romantic comedy, frequently in a comic way, than they would have been if the lessons were simply stated in a didactic way.

From the Paper
"In Shakespeare's time, his plays provided entertainment and often comedy to people who had far less access to entertainment than we do in our time, with our highly commercialized and ubiquitous entertainment industry. His plays were therefore much enjoyed, and any lessons he intended were keenly listened to. This is the first reason why the comic antics portrayed in Twelfth Night would have been likely to communicate the lessons Shakespeare intended - simply because the play would have been so greatly enjoyed. It is a classic romantic comedy, dealing as it does with the never-failingly-interesting topic of romance, and providing the audience with a satisfying happy ending. "

Tags:Orsino, Olivia, cross-dressing, Viola

Abstract
This paper examines male homosexuality with an emphasis on cross-dressing. Perceptions of gays throughout history are presented, as well as a look at how gay men express themselves and how they are perceived by the heterosexual world. Individual accounts of cross-dressers are presented as well as a general look at this subculture. The tone of the article is very positive toward gays who cross-dress, encouraging openness and acceptance.

From the Paper
"Once it has been genuinely adopted as a method of self-expression, cross-dressing can express a profound sense of personal and communal gay pride. The drag queen revels in her differentness from the heterosexual community, and at the same time, creates a style and a savoir vivre that is often the envy of those - both gay and straight - who do not possess the same amount of personal courage and sense of security in their own identities that enables the drag queen to so freely be herself. As much as the drag queen was once the stereotype par excellence of the gay man in the heterosexual mind, so now has this image been so completely taken up by the gay world that it can be used as a potent force for good in the community, and even beyond. If people like to look at you when you are wearing you best and most glittering gown, why not put all of that popularity to work for the public good? This was exactly what a man named Charles did in New York - the culmination of a long, and often painful processing of coming out, and at long last discovering his true identity."

Tags:homosexuality, cross-dressing, drag, queen, gays

Abstract
This paper explains that the American Film Institute chose the film "Tootsie" as one of it's one hundred best movies of the 20th Century, not only because of the impeccable comic timing of the ensemble crew, but also because of the ironic content of the story. The author points out that the real irony in this movie comes from the fact that Michael (actor Dustin Hoffman's character), who must dress and act as a woman to get an acting job, at the beginning truly of the film believes himself to be a feminist and a man who understands women. The paper relates that the use of cross-dressing as a way to bring characters together and to change a character from that of mildly misogynistic to a more understanding of the feminine condition as seen in "Tootsie" also was used in Billy Wilder's "Some Like it Hot".

From the Paper
"If you are not familiar with the movie, I will give a brief synopsis here. Dustin Hoffman plays an actor who has gotten the reputation of being difficult and is therefore finding it hard to get work. Living from paycheck to paycheck, he eventually ends up dressing as a woman, not necessarily to the a part but more in order to soothe his bruised ego and prove that he can play a woman as well (or better) than any woman can. To his surprise he gets the part, and intrigued by the challenge (as well as the regular money) the position will offer, and he becomes a very popular character on this daytime drama show."

Tags:comic, best, feminist, cross-dressing, misogynistic