Abstract
This paper examines how cross-cultural psychology examines the factors that culturally influence human behavior when cultural lines are crossed. It looks at how customs, beliefs, views, and characteristics are central to the study of cross-culture psychology and how, unlike the well established behavioral sciences, cross-culture psychology has the daunting task of comparing culture to culture in an attempt to shed light on two different cultures that have become one.

Outline:
Define Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
Analyze the Relationship between Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
The Role of Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology
The Methodology Associated With Cross-Cultural Research
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The idea of culture in relationship to cross-culture psychology continues to be essentially unexamined in theory because it is often undifferentiated when compared to fundamental concepts of behavioral science. Theories like society and social systems are what psychological science remains focused upon. The result has been diminished theoretical value with regard to research of the constructs that would examine more closely the differences and similarities between the domains of culture and cross-culture psychology (Rohner, 1984). As a division of psychology, cross-culture psychology examines the factors that culturally influence human behavior. In 1972 the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) came to be accepted as a separate sphere of psychology, and since that time has continued to develop and grow. This has led to many more psychologists who examine the differences between a diverse world with regard to behaviors and how those behaviors change when culture lines are crossed. "

Tags:critical, thinking, human, behavior

Abstract
This paper begins by addressing the challenges and barriers present in cross cultural communication. The paper then goes on to describe the research conducted in Penelope Benson's article, "The US-Japan Cross-Cultural Connection", as pertaining to the differences in Japanese and American styles of government. Next, the paper describes research conducted by Michelle LeBaron in her article, "Cross Cultural Communication." The paper explains that the focal point of LeBaron's is that fate has a profound affect on cross-cultural communication. The paper lastly discusses Marcelle E. DuPraw's six fundamental patterns of cultural differences as examined in her article, "Working on Common Cross-Culture Communication Challenges."

From the Paper
"In an article by Penelope Benson, the President of New York-Japan International, Benson researches a group of individuals who were interning from Japan regarding their perspective on America. These individuals, having been raised from Japan, have only read and studied about America but have never actually experienced it in person. Benson notes that there will obviously be a barrier in the communication of these people. Japan's culture differs immensely from America's culture in countless ways. During the Japanese individuals' internships, Penelope "had asked the interns to consider themselves as Ambassadors of Japan in their everyday interactions with the Americans they encountered, many of whom might never before have met a Japanese national" (Benson, P., 1997). Benson complimented the individuals by saying that they took cross-cultural responsibility into play and challenged the cultural differences by studying and working on them. Among each individual's observations, he/she concluded that, "The diversity of the US populace leads to opposing opinions at all levels of government as to what issues are critical"

Tags:japan america multiculturalism, penelope benson, marcelle dupraw, michelle lebaron

Abstract
This paper is a critical analysis of cross-cultural politeness using the Brown and Levinson's model as a basis for defining and understanding politeness and applying it to three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese.

From the Paper
"What is politeness? If I propose that politeness be used as pragmatically terminology, the preferable definition is to be found in appropriateness. It can be also said to be universal only in the sense that every society has some sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, although these norms are vary. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural context by applying a well-known Brown and Levinson s model (1978 and revised in 1987), which has been applied in various settings, from casual services, encounters to EFL classrooms. However, Brown and Levinson s model (1978) has been criticized for being too geared to Western (especially American) notions of independence and, hence, for its limited applicability in Asian contexts. I have attempted in the following by first giving a general and brief account for Brown and Levinson s model (1978), and then try to apply and analyze the Brown and Levinson s model (1978) in three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese. "

Tags:acts, brown, cantonese, chinese, comparison, culture, differences, face, japanese, levinson, politeness, threatening, cross-cultural

Abstract
This paper argues that we cannot overlook the potential problems of conducting cross-cultural research in terms of its generalizations about cultures. A discussion about biases in research, judgments made about individuals and cultural groups, and the oversimplification of universalizing across cultures uses specific studies as examples of the problems such research entails.

From the Paper
"Cross-cultural analysis is an important tool in many different kinds of academic disciplines and social programs. Areas of hard science, the humanities, and the social sciences all make use of cross-cultural comparisons in some way or another in order to discuss the ways that individuals and groups are similar and different from one another over historical time and geographical space. While widely-used, essential for some forms of studies, and sometimes extremely beneficial for people and programs in multiple cultures, the generalizations made by such studies..."

Tags:cross, cultural, research, implications

Abstract
The paper examines Philip Curtin's critically-acclaimed text, "Cross-Cultural Trade in World History" and evaluates a significant issue within the body of the text. The paper aims to demonstrate that trade among peoples never entails merely the exchange of goods; rather, it entails the creation of cultural linkages as well as the forging of new ideas due to the collision of different modes of thinking.

Tags:cross, cultural, trade

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses cross-cultural communication and challenges that arise when people come together in a negotiation. The writer maintains that it is important to recognize the different agendas that individuals have in a negotiation and the prejudices that they bring with them to the table. The writer uses notes from video cases to analyze three different situations.

From the Paper
"This exercise demonstrated the challenges that arise when people come together in a negotiation. It is important to recognize the different agendas that individuals have in a negotiation and the prejudices that they bring with them to the table. The best negotiators are also those who are adept at dealing with egos-both at putting their own ego aside and recognizing how to appeal to the ego of others involved in the negotiations. In this way negotiation involves both sales skills and psychology. Threats although sometimes effective ..."

Tags:cross-cultural communication, negotiation

Abstract
This paper explains what culture is and how one culture differs from another. The paper explains the theories of the two main authors on the subject: Edward T. Hall and Geert Hofstede. It then focuses on cross cultural issues that occur in international companies. Two figures are included with the paper.

Outline:
Theories on culture differences
What is culture: how does it affect our lives and how is it formed?
What differentiates cultures from each other?
Hall's high and low context cultural framework
Hofstede's "Five Dimensions of Culture"
Managing cross cultural issues in a multinational firm
Managing cultural differences inside an organization
Managing cross cultural issues when entering a foreign market

From the Paper
"When confronted with a same situation, different people react differently. Their values (what they consider important) and beliefs (their sense of what will happen next) play an important role in the way they perceive an issue. This filter of values and beliefs leads individuals to a specific behavior. Where do values and beliefs come from? That's what we will encompass in this first part.
"Whereas animals react by instinct and their communication is mostly innate, we behave by culture, which is a major human characteristic. Culture molds our entire communication spectrum: words, gestures, tones of voice, facial expressions, the way one plays, works and makes love."

Tags:culture, management, abroad

Abstract
The following paper will argue that any description of cross-cultural similarities and differences is best founded on a consideration mainly of culture-specific dimensions rather than culture-general dimensions; beyond that (and just as importantly), if one wishes to be competent in cross-cultural communication and learning, a firm grasp of culture-specific dimensions is critical. With that in mind, the following paper will look at how emphasis upon culture-general dimensions can lead someone to overlooking the subtleties that distinguish various cultures. The paper will also, in the interests of fairness, highlight how knowledge of culture-general dimensions can allow someone to feel "more at home" in an alien culture - and it can humanize others in the minds of a person traveling to a new location for the first time. Lastly, the essay ends by returning to its support of culture-general communication by citing the time saved, by making it easier to distinguish the "real" commonalities between cultures, and because it makes possible more experiential opportunities.

From the Paper
Intercultural Study: Why Descriptions of Cross Cultural similarities and differences are best founded on consideration mainly of culture-specific dimensions rather than culture-general dimensions The following paper will argue that any description of cross-cultural similarities and differences is best founded on a consideration mainly of culture-specific dimensions rather than culture-general dimensions; beyond that (and just as importantly), if one wishes to be competent in cross-cultural communication and learning, a firm grasp of culture-specific dimensions is critical. With that in mind, the following paper will look at how emphasis upon culture-general dimensions can lead

Tags:specific, dimensions, culture

Abstract
This paper examines Procter and Gamble's (P&G) cross-cultural adaptation strategies. The paper claims that cross-cultural adaptation is essential for any company that wants to survive the globalization process. The adaptation required is to both the internal and the external environment. The paper includes graphs to illustrate this. It concludes that P&G's power to create successful brands for diverse populations worldwide is one of the most valuable keys of success for the giant manufacturer.

Outline:
Company Overview
Cross-cultural Adaptations
Adaptation Weaknesses

From the Paper
"The company provides products for a wide range of customers: mid-income (Tide), higher income (Ariel), male (Gillette), female (Always), normal hair (Herbal essences), special care (Pantene), special need (Head and Shoulders), etc. The product portfolio diversification is one of the company's growth strategies. This is done by acquiring new products, such as Gillette or by engaging in strategic partnership, such as the one with Wrigley Co. One other growth strategy is innovation for existing products: new flavors, new recipes, new effects, new packaging, and so one. Finally, one other strategy is to keep fresh the customer's awareness through permanent promotional activity."

Tags:culture, management, inter-cultural, business, globalization, market

Abstract
This paper discusses theories of cross cultural communication and applies them to Arab business communication. It uses a study of Kuwaiti businessmen's attitudes toward Western communication styles and activities. The paper reviews relevant literature on the subject.

From the Paper
This report first examined the professional and scholarly literature on cross-cultural communication and its underpinning theory. The report contains ..."

Tags:crosscultural communication, Arab culture, Arab communication, Western communiction, Western Culture