Abstract
The premise of this study is to argue against the absolutism of Virginia's laws that make it illegal for any type of cross burning. The paper discusses how the critical issue of racial intimidation through the Klu Klux Klan in "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, yet they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state.

Tags:cross, burning, religion

Abstract
This paper explains that the current debate about the legitimacy of cross burning under state law has been a conflicting issue with the primary constitutional provisions, which protect a person's right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment. The author points out that the critical issue of racial intimidation by the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) in the case of "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, although they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state. The paper concludes that the premise of racial intimidation portrays a contextual denial of the right to burn a cross at a KKK rally, but the religious nature of Virginia's law violated the Fist Amendment of the Constitution.

From the Paper
"This perspective has brought great controversy over the use of derogatory language as a basis for intimidation, but since the Virginia law did not provide any type of deeper semantics to the issue of the "breach of peace" the Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional to prevent cross burning. The premise of religious freedom took a precedence in this ruling, since the very language of the Constitution does not deny any type of freedom of religious expression, but only if it does not physically harm another person. Perhaps, the ruling of "Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire" goes against this form of intimidation as an exception."

Tags:state, klu klux klan, absolutism religious contextual

Abstract
The paper maintains that Stott's book, "The Cross of Christ," is an important book. For those Christians who want to further explore the meaning behind the Cross and behind Christ's death, it is a thought-provoking resource. The paper explains how Stott makes a very good case for the Cross being more than simply important, but rather that it is a vital part of Christianity. Without the Cross, Stott argues that Christianity as we know it would not exist. The paper is of the opinion that after reading this book, it is difficult to argue with this perspective.

From the Paper
"John R. W. Stott takes the position that the Cross is essential to Christianity. He makes his convincing argument by dividing the discussion into four parts, discussing the Cross as a symbol, the need for forgiveness, the spiritual benefits that the Cross has provided to believers and finally, on the practical and earthly teachings that the Cross can offer. Stott does not have all the answers on the subject of Christ's Cross. However, the book is a thoughtful and complex study offering suggestions on the subject of the Cross upon which Christ died. The Cross is important, Stott states, because it performs more than the single function of being the method of execution favored by the Romans."

Tags:christ, cross, theology

Abstract
The paper looks at Robert Keller's article "Cross-Functional Project Groups in Research and New Product Development: Diversity, Communications, Job Stress, and Outcomes" that is a report on a research study on cross-functional project groups. The paper describes how Keller developed a model of cross-functional project groups, and tested hypotheses on 93 research and new product development teams, from four companies.

From the Paper
"Robert Keller's article "Cross-Functional Project Groups in Research and New Product Development: Diversity, Communications, Job Stress, and Outcomes" is a report on a research study on cross-functional project groups. Keller developed a model of cross-functional project groups, and tested hypotheses on 93 research and new product development teams, from four companies. Keller begins by reviewing the conventional wisdom on cross-functional project groups. He defines cross-functional project groups as groups that comprise members from different functional areas of the corporation, and..."

Tags:team, cross, functional

Abstract
This paper explains Wal-Mart's proprietary cross-docking system as part of a global supply chain management system. The paper describes advantages of the technique of cross-docking, how this innovation supports the replenishment of Wal-Mart stores.

From the Paper
"Cross-docking is a relatively new and extremely effective technique used in global supply chain management. This technique can rapidly consolidate shipments from different sources and reduce the cost of outbound transportation by eliminating the inventory-holding function of a warehouse without hampering its consolidation and shipping functions. An important adjunct to the warehouse management systems now in use in many industries, Hill Fig cross-docking eliminates several intermediate steps in the warehousing process."

Tags:cross-docking, Wal-Mart, warehouse management system, global supply chain management

Abstract
Growth of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) . Discusses history of the KKK & other groups formed by Southern leaders to destroy the voting power of newly freed slaves. Terrorist activities of the Klan (cross burnings, lynchings). Resistance to policies of Reconstruction. Klan's call for "100 percent pure Americanism." Makeup of membership. New white supremacist groups.

From the Paper
"White Supremacy in America


In the years following the defeat of the Confederacy by the Union, resistance to Reconstruction and changes in the status of former African slaves was to emerge throughout the American South. Historian William Miller (1977) has pointed out that the "original" Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations such as the Knights of the White Camellia were formed in part by Southern leaders in the 1860s to destroy the voting power of newly freed slaves and to do damage to carpetbag misrule. Geoffrey Perrett (1989) has commented that during Reconstruction, when the original Klan was formed, the occupation armies of the Union were hard-pressed to prevent their terrorist activities - activities that virtually nullified the rights granted and guaranteed to former slaves under the Fourteenth Amendment. There was, says..."

Abstract
This paper explains that not all forms of speech are entitled to protection under the First Amendment's Freedom of Speech. The author points out that the Virginia vs. Black court cases determined that the Va. Code Ann. 18.2-423, which attempted to criminalize the burning of a cross, was unconstitutional not because burning crosses, which are intended to intimidate are entitled to Constitutional protection, but because this Virginia statute permitted an illegal presumption that a burned cross was prima facie evidence of intent to intimidate. The paper stresses that, nonetheless, in this case, the U.S. Supreme Court made it clear that it will no longer permit hate groups to hide behind the First Amendment when using speech or symbolic speech to threaten and intimidate.

From the Paper
"The circumstances behind the charges against Elliot and O'Mara were different. Unlike Black, Elliot and O'Mara attempted to burn a cross on another's property. Prior to the cross-burning incident, Elliot had been heard by the victim shooting firearms in the backyard. Elliot and O'Mara were not affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan. O'Mara pleaded guilty and Elliot was convicted at trial. All three defendants challenged the constitutionality of Va. Code Ann. 18.2-423, and it eventually came before the U.S. Supreme Court."

Tags:cross-burning, code, prima-facie, symbolic, intimidate

Abstract
A paper on the crucifixion of Jesus. The paper explores what exactly was done to him and why he chose to die. The paper explains that crucifiction was unanimously considered the most horrible form of death, worse even then burning, since the "cross" precedes "burning" in the law-books.

Tags:jesus, is, crucified

Abstract
The essay discusses the history of the Ku Klux Klan through the three separate movements established since its inception -- the first during the reconstruction era, the second during the 1920's, and the third during the 1940's. The essay then goes on to present recent newspaper headlines about the KKK, including the "newspaper night riding" in Texas and California, the rally in Jasper, Texas, and the sentencing of KKK member James Colvin. The essay concludes with the hope that the KKK will continue to be brought down by the law.

From the Paper
"Colonel William Joseph Simmons, the son of one of the officers of the original order, initialized the second movement of the KKK. He pictured his organization as the ultimate fraternal lodge. His task was made easier by the 1915 release of a film by D. W. Griffith called The Birth of a Nation. The film portrayed the original Reconstruction era KKK as valiant protectors of the South's culture. Simmons placed advertisements for his organization next to those for the movie and solicited new members by proclaiming the Klan a "high class order for men of intelligence and character" (McVeigh). At the strongest point of this phase of the KKK, during the early 1920's, membership in the organization reached over three million nationwide (Trelease PG). The main factor keeping the movement strong was fear of the ever-changing social order in America. Large numbers of immigrants were entering the country, communism and other radical movements were stirring, and blacks were moving into northern cities in vast numbers. Jews and Catholics were moving to a higher place in the social and economic order, and labor unions were demanding a bigger share of profits for their members."

Tags:racism, prejudice, violence, discrimination, blacks, burning, cross, gun, culture, slave, terrorism

Abstract
This paper describes the various hate crimes that take place throughout the U.S. on a regular basis, focusing particularly on the state of New Jersey. The paper also describes some of the legislation that has been enacted in an effort to fight hate crimes and discusses the need for even harsher laws for curtailing such crimes. The paper further explains that the present hate laws are ineffective as a deterrent and, therefore, are not helpful towards solving the problem of hate crimes. Finally, the paper outlines a plan for curtailing hate crimes that would include proper training for members of law enforcement in how to recognize and respond to hate crimes, the creation of a multi-agency task force on hate crimes, and sufficient state and federal funds for fighting hate crimes.

From the Paper
"Cross burning is one of the hate crimes that occur in the state of New Jersey on the regular basis. Cross burning can, in fact be traced back in history right up to the time of the infamous 'Ku Klux Clan', which was a group of people who were dedicated totally to the perpetration of hate and bias related crimes on minorities, mostly African-Americans living peacefully in that state. According to an eyewitness of the cross burning carried out outside an African-American's house in new Jersey, "Few things can chill free expression and association to the bone like night-riders outside the door, and a fiery cross in the yard". (O Say! Can you see: Free expression by the light of fiery Crosses) An African-American couple, Russ and Laura Jones, started to experience trouble with so called 'skinheads', as soon as they had shifted their place of residence to St.Paul, in Minnesota. They were, in fact, the only Blacks living in that all-white neighborhood, and this was indeed a neighborhood that was known for its racist culture and its hatred of blacks."

Tags:slashed, broken, burned, cross, skinheads, violating, perpetrators, african-american