Abstract
The paper describes how in his book "Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900", Crosby (2006) argues that wind, weeds and pathogens were the decisive factors that shaped the history of the world. The paper discusses his belief that it was these three factors that enabled Europeans to spread all over the temperate zones of the earth, wiping out all competitors to gain and maintain mastery over these zones, thus giving rise to the geopolitical status quo we see today.

From the Paper
"In his book "Ecological Imperialism: The biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900", Crosby (2006) argues that wind, weeds and pathogens were the decisive factors that shaped the history of the world. It was these three factors, he argues, that enabled Europeans to spread all over the temperate zones of the earth, wiping out all competitors to gain and maintain mastery over these zones, thus giving rise to the geopolitical..."

Tags:crosby, europe, neo, europe

Abstract
In an attempt to understand Frans de Waal's concept of aggression and reconciliation, this paper explores the group relationship implied by Crosby, Stills, and Nash's song "Wooden Ships." The paper looks at how the song, written and composed by Paul Kantner, Stephen Stills, and David Crosby in 1968 off of their title album, was created at the height of the Vietnam War in response to the growing political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. The paper interprets the song as being about the aftermath of a nuclear war where two survivors from opposing sides meet each other for the first time. In this meeting, the two men attempt to coexist after the war deciding that the life they lived before the aggression and hatred is no longer positive for either side in this new world of nuclear fallout.

From the Paper
"The two men of the song, one survivor from the United States and one from the Soviet Union, exemplify de Waal's relational model which "views aggressive behavior as resulting from conflicts of interest between individuals who share a history (and a future)" (de Waal 173). Left vs. Right, East vs. West, Red vs. Blue: de Waal finds the roots of aggression in the real or imagined dividing lines between cultures. "The double meaning of 'belonging to' says it all: they are part of and possessed by the group" (169). The survivors are both representatives of their histories and captives of their histories. It will therefore help to distinguish the two survivors from now on by using their culture; we will call them the Soviet and the Statesman, respectively. Both survivors have adopted their cultures' creeds in order to conform to and fit in with their surroundings, but they have also adopted their cultures' animosity toward each other which no longer matters after such an awing nuclear disaster. "

Tags:peacemaking, nuclear, war, vietnam

Abstract
The paper examines Alfred Crosby's book, "America's Forgotten Pandemic", which is considered the definitive work on the Spanish influenza that spread worldwide between August 1918 and March 1919. The paper examines Crosby's main arguments about why this pandemic, though so large in scope and so damaging to the youth of America during that era, escaped the national consciousness. The paper discusses how "America's Forgotten Pandemic" has become extremely popular over the course of the last twenty years.

From the Paper
"Crosby's narrative has become extremely popular since the 1980s due to the spread of other infectious diseases. While influenza scares has died out largely due to the advent of modern medicine, the spread of the AIDS virus, Asian flue, and SARS epidemic have cast pandemics into the mainstream consciousness. Crosby's analysis of the pandemic is not only a narrative that describes the event and brings it to life, but also just as importantly it chronicles and explores the curious loss of national memory of this cataclysmic event."

Tags:Spain, American, youth, infectious, disease, government

Abstract
The paper discusses the standard view of the conquest and colonization of Latin America that pervades most explanations of the subject. The paper explains that this standard view holds that the Europeans were able to conquer and colonize Latin America (and much of the rest of the world) because they had superior fire power. The paper discusses how while they certainly did have superior fire power, Crosby (2006) turns accepted thinking on its head when he suggests that there was more to it than merely guns.

From the Paper
"There is a standard view of the conquest and colonization of Latin America that pervades most explanations of the subject. This standard view basically holds that the Europeans were able to conquer and colonize Latin America (and much of the rest of the world) because they had superior fire power. While they certainly did have superior fire power, Crosby (2006) turns accepted thinking on its head when he suggests that there was more to it than merely guns. He makes the interesting and radical suggestion that perhaps biology played a role - a decisive role. In this way, Crosby (2006) changes our view of the conquest and colonization by portraying it..."

Tags:colonization, latin, america

Abstract
This paper examines the history and evolution of quality management and the approaches of two leaders in the field:Edward Deming and Philip Crosby. It looks at the critical importance of commitment by management to TQM. It also examines the impact of the oil crisis of 1973 in the U.S. and Japan in terms of quality in business and need for new strategies.

From the Paper
"The issue of quality in business has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The Malcolm Baldrige Award named for the late Secretary of Commerce is an American award given to companies who ..."

Tags:quality management, baldrige award, deming, crosby, TQM

Abstract
This paper looks at how political imperialism and capitalist forces are closely connected with ecological imperialism. In particular, the paper examines the theories of Alfred W. Crosby and Karl Marx on imperialism and looks at how they relate to ecological imperialism. The paper first discusses Crosby's thesis that imperialism did not only change the political and social structures of colonies but also affected their ecological systems. The paper then looks at Marx's arguments about the damage caused by capitalism. According to Marx, capitalism was a force that treated laborers as machines and did not give them the value they deserved. This degradation of work leads to degradation of environment and ecology.

From the Paper
"Imperialism is a well-understood concept and the mere mention of the word generates extreme sentiments of resentment and bitterness against certain nations of the world. When imperialism in politics was destroying the colonies, there was another phenomenon at work, which had also been working hand in hand. It was called ecological imperialism where entire ecologies of colonies were changed because of imperial influences. Alfred W. Crosby first brought this forward in 1986 in his book Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900."

Tags:colonization, indigenous, people, resources, plunder

Abstract
This paper explains that the continuous quality improvement (CQI) process management approach, which is a spin-off of the Deming/Crosby/Juran total quality management (TQM) approach, is particularly useful for the healthcare industry. The author points out that CQI demands a commitment by the organization to a customer and client-oriented focus. The paper relates that the CQI philosophy underscores the need to dedicate the total organization's involvement in a holistic fashion rather than merely targeting very specific defects.

From the Paper
"At present, Tulane University uses the FOCUS-PDCA Methodology in its approach to management. This is another process-centered approach, like the early work of Deming, Crosby, and Juran. It stresses questioning why something does not work, much like the scientific method and like CQI. Thus, FOCUS-PDCA Methodology is a kind of root cause analysis to the 'whys' of a process failure. Its approach is complementary to CQI. Its orientation is on how the knowledge of the functioning of a process can be tested, changed and improved."

Tags:holistic, deming, client-oriented, statistics, graphic

Abstract
This paper explains how the concept of quality, when applied correctly, can be used to assure that companies produce goods and services in a way that protects consumers and ensures that they receive the value for which they are paying. The paper uses a definition of quality, supplied by Philip Crosby in his book "Quality Without Tears", as it applies to four key dimensions of providing safe products to consumers. It attempts to provide a point of intersection between quality and safety where companies should seek for them to meet.

Introduction
Requirement 1: Assured Against Reasonable Harm
Requirement 2: Performs as Promised
Requirement 3: Confirmation of Reliability
Requirement 4: Consistency in Production or Service
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A requirement that every consumer has the right to expect from the good or service purchased is that they will be free from reasonable harm. This is the point behind explanations for the use of products and the cautions against using devices for purposes other than those for which the devices have been manufactured. Therefore, this requirement is designed to establish a center of understanding between the consumer and the companies with which they do business regarding the correct usages of products manufactured. Ultimately the point is to create the perception of quality but this must be done correctly. "Quality must be defined from the customer's perspective. Hence, a firm's products and services must be compared to the products or services offered by competitors." (Shetty & Buehler 1991, p.6)"

Tags:implement, value, organizations, conformance, protection, harm, promise, performance

Abstract
This paper discusses the application of Total Quality Management (TQM), the quality programs developed based on the thinking of Deming, Crosby, J.M. Juran, and others, in the avionic industry. The author points out that Rockwell Collins called its TQM program ?lean electronics?, but it was simply an ongoing process to improve productivity, reduce waste, streamline purchasing, and help the company achieve excellence in its operations. The paper relates that tough union bosses can hamper the introduction of TQM and diminish its benefits; in such settings, the way TQM is introduced and adopted is as important as the reasons it is undertaken in the first place.

From the Paper
"Until adopting its new outlook, AlliedSignal Aerospace had been characterized by arrogance and indifference to customers, an attitude that had blossomed during the strong growth of the 1970s and 1980s. When customers began to seek alternatives and better treatment, AlliedSignal's competitors, particularly in its once-dominant market segment of auxiliary power unites, gained market share. Despite that, in 1994, the Aerospace unit was "selected as the sole supplier of auxiliary power units (APUs) for the new-generation 737X family of transports [for the military], and the company was selected by Southwest Airlines to supply wheels and brakes, including repair and overhaul services, for its new fleet of Boeing 737-700s." "

Tags:tqm, demming, productivity, excellence, union

Abstract
This paper discusses how European colonization of America resulted in the transplantation of various diseases, plants and animals and how the Europeans justified it. The writer analyzes two books and compares their attitudes - "Ecological Imperialism " by Alfred W. Crosby and Peter C. Mancall's "Envisioning America".

From the Paper
"Crosby presents the idea of the European desire to "grasp" other lands. That is, they wanted "to occupy in numbers and displace the indigenous populations" (Crosby 133) of the Americas. These populations include not only human ones, but plants and animals as well. Hakluyt felt English people and agriculture would transfer seamlessly, or that "grasping" the New World would be simple and complete. He has highly political and religious arguments as to why England specifically should command the new territories and in what manner this control would be manifested. "

Tags:animals, colonization, disease, ecology, infection, plants, weeds