Abstract
This paper discusses the interaction between groundwater and seawater and thoroughly analyzes the condition of seawater intrusion in groundwater. It outlines the adverse effects of the seawater-groundwater interaction and proposes methods through which this situation can be solved. It also highlights various mathematical equations, which are used to reach analytical solutions. The trend of fresh water, seawater, and groundwater are discussed to scrutinize each water body behavior with respect to one another. The effects of seawater upon groundwater, contaminants, and soil are also judged. The paper also emphasizes some true-to-life examples of various countries that are facing these problems with their groundwater tables and taking appropriate measure ,such as implanting groundwater-replenishing systems in order to preserve their sources of water. Sources of contamination and their effects are also discussed in detail.

From the Paper
"As ground waters are present almost every where, the interactions between ground waters and seawater rely greatly upon the physiographic and climatic milieu of the landscape. As a result of tidal fluctuation, ground waters and seawater are always in consistent communication with each other. This has given rise to various hydrological, engineering and environmental problems. "These include coastal aquifer parameter estimation, beach de-watering, marine retaining structures, and seawater intrusion fluctuations"."

Tags:irrigation, drinking, contamination, saline, purification

Abstract
The paper uses a qualitative review of existing literature concerning arsenic characteristics, regional and site specific geology and hydrogeology, and remediation methods, to explore the arsenic contamination of groundwater in Deloro Village, Madoc, Eastern Ontario, Canada. The paper also provides recommendations on more effective and efficient means of remediation for the site and similar contaminated areas.

Outline:
Background to the Research Project
Proposed Research
Importance of this Research
Proposed Methodology
Ethical Considerations
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Considerations
Revised Project Schedule

From the Paper
"The Deloro Mine, in eastern Ontario, is a significant player whose activities has resulted in both surface and subsurface arsenic contamination of both soil and water, at the mine site, and off-site as well. Gold mining and smelting, with arsenic removal, was established in 1886, at Deloro. The health and safety of Deloro workers was compromised due to high levels of metal in their bodies, specifically lead and arsenic. Environmental problems were also an issue, including the air deposition of arsenic dust. This air deposition contamination was so detrimental that residents were unable to hang out their laundry during smelter operation, for years, because of the stack soot high in metals. In the 1960s, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Water Resources Commission found water samples to be high in arsenic. "

Tags:mining, smelting, air, deposition, contamination, atmospheric, deposition

Abstract
This paper examines the extent to which manure is a threat to groundwater supplies (which are a source of much of the nation's drinking water), looking at what farm practices lead to the current levels of pollution and how those methods might be changed so that the groundwater supply can be kept safe in the future.

From the Paper
"This paper examines the extent to which manure is a threat to groundwater supplies which are a source of much of the nation's drinking water looking at what farm practices lead to the current levels of pollution and how those methods ..."

Tags:manure, groundwater, farming, nitrate, pollution

Abstract
This paper discusses the various issues surrounding the shrinking supply of groundwater (such as groundwater mining) and how we can deal with those issues to protect this vital resource.

Abstract
This paper discusses the transformation of water that takes place through a continuation process referred to as a hydrological cycle, which derives its momentum from solar energy and gravity. The paper analyzes the various methods for maintaining an adequate water level. The paper contends that a comprehensive examination, analysis, and determination of the hydrologic and geological characteristics of a selected location are essential for the productive management of the water resource.

Outline
The Occurrence of Ground Water
Properties and Classification of Water-Bearing Formations
Darcy's Law
Measures of Water Quantity
Utilization of Groundwater
Permeability
Water Level Measurements

From the Paper
"The groundwater is observed to rest on the empty spaces of the natural elements such as soils, unconsolidated settlings and rocks. Envisaging the level of underwater is quite a hard task. It is considered by some that the groundwater is reserved in the subversive lakes and flows in subversive rivers. The groundwater is the underlying water beneath the ground that is fully soaked through the small outlets of soils and rocks. The groundwater is refilled primarily by the downpour and determined totally by the local environment and geology, which causes its disproportionate distribution in both quantity and quality."

Tags:evaporation, reservoir, aquifers

Abstract
This paper presents a viewpoint in opposition to genetically modified crops, or genetically engineered foods, asserting that these plants may have dire consequences in the health of consumers, animals, and world hunger. The paper claims that the lands that farmers cultivated for generations are ruined by modified plants. It also states that genetically modified crops have herbicide and pesticide resistant genes that encourage stronger, more destructive weeds, which in turns forces farmers to apply more pesticide, compromising the health of their farms and defeating the purpose of a resistant gene in a modified plant. The paper mentions the Monsanto Company, noting that organic farms have been run out by big companies that provide genetically modified crops to farmers. The paper concludes that through research and advocacy of organic agriculture, the public can have access to non-GM crops and foods; and this should eventually result in supporting hard-working farmers and improving the world's economy.

From the Paper
"The lands that farmers have been cultivating for years and generations were ruined by modified plants. Soil is also harmed by the herbicides and pesticides that farmers spray on to their fields. The modified crops that they plant have herbicide and pesticide resistant genes that keep them from dying of the chemicals. What the resistance from the plants has done is that the weeds and bacteria have evolved to be stronger and better at killing plants (Pollack). This turn in evolution has caused frenzy in farmers and so they spray more and more of the chemicals onto their fields, compromising the health of their farms and defeating the purpose of a resistant gene in a modified plant ("The World" 4). The problems of the conditions of the soil on farms are far less than the problems of keeping organic farms in the U.S. and Canada. Organic farms have been run out by big companies that provide genetically modified crops to farmers and pay them to plant. The infamous company in U.S. and Canada is Monsanto Company. Currently in Canada, there are no more organic canola oil farms because they have been contaminated by genetically modified canola, making them no longer organic (Rees 3-4). Supporters of Monsanto and GM foods say that farmers have a clear choice between picking GM crops and natural foods. The farmers in fact would like to have natural crops completely on their fields but the contamination of GM crop seeds make it very difficult to keep their seeds clean (Rees 4)."

Tags:DNA, world, hunger, starvation, shortage

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the green revolution and its selective breeding that produced crops that were better suited to changing climate conditions and production levels. The paper discusses how these crops could help curb starvation but looks at the limitations of current practices. The paper then discusses genetically modified crops and their benefits but explains why this development must proceed with even more caution than the green revolution.

Outline:
Early Methods
Helping to Curb Starvation
Limitations of Current Practices
Green Revolution Crops and GMOs

From the Paper
"As the world population grows, humans face new challenges regarding how to feed the population. This problem is not new and industrialized nations led the race to develop crops that were more productive, disease resistant and that have more uses. During the 1960s and 1970s producers began an intensive program to develop crops that met the changing requirements of society. This is referred to as the "green revolution." This revolution was responsible for increases in food production in industrialized nations, but there are limitations as to what can be accomplished through these programs."

Tags:selective, breeding, genetic, engineering, traits, food, production

Abstract
The paper reviews the work "A Civil Action" by Jonathan Harr as a basis for exploring violation of E.P.A. regarding water contamination. It uses the incident of water contamination that took place at Woburn, Massachusetts in the 1960s and 70s as one that serves as a lesson in the prevention of water contamination. It lists the deficiencies responsible for the contamination, such as the lack of laboratory checks, lack of inspections of the land and water, lack of compliance evaluation and inhibited civil action.

From the Paper
""A Civil Action" by Jonathan Harr is a book that brings awareness to communities that might be unaware of the EPA standards against water contamination, and the neglect of concerned authorities allowing industries to carry out their illegal dumping of chemicals in certain areas. The incident of water contamination that took place at Woburn, Massachusetts is one that serves as a lesson in history that should not be repeated. This case of water contamination was believed to be responsible for claiming many lives through leukemia because of a chemical substance (Trichloroethylene) present in the water."

Tags:Jonathan, Harr, Woburn, Massachusetts, inspections, compliance, evaluation

Abstract
This paper discusses the hazardous effects of inadequate methods of solid waste disposal on the environment. The paper emphasizes the urgency of the need to deal with this issue, and describes fecal contamination as the major culprit. The writer illustrates how the lack of modern sanitation facilities and adequate health care in certain areas, are the main cause of fecal contamination.

From the Paper
"Fecal waste may contain an undetermined number of bacteria, viruses, and parasites capable of causing disease in humans and animals. Studies have focused on numbers of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci) or enteroviruses in feces and leachates, but have not estimated the total pathogen load or identified the major sources of these pathogens. This may be due to lack of detection methods for many of the pathogens in solid waste or leachate as well as potentially low numbers of viable but non-culturable organisms. Fecal waste is a breeding ground for diseases and even the smallest of contaminations can cause a great deal of problems."

Tags:bacteria, virus, parasites, garbage, recycling, health, hazard, water

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of the amount of herbicides used in the United States agricultural process. It discusses how herbicide users reduce the amount of atrazine applied to crops by mixing isoxaflutole with the atrazine. The paper then specifically analyzes the results of the test to determine the effect of herbicides that mix atrazine and isoxaflutole.

From the Paper
"The results found in the inquiry are fairly straight forward and further or alternative explanations to the results are rather limited. However, as with any experiment, there is the chance that uncontrolled variables affected the end results. For example, the mixture used could have been effected by such variables as the weather, humidity, pressure or amount of light available. Any of these variables would alter the validity of the inquiry. For this reason, it is important to 1) control the testing as much as possible, and 2) run the experiment several times to ensure validity through consistency. There is also a possible influence of bias, as the people conducting the experiment could have an economic interest in the results."

Tags:crops groundwater contamination, immune system