From the Paper
"John G. Bourke. On the Border with Crook. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1971. (originally published 1891.)


America's nineteenth-century Indian Wars are out of fashion today. The contemporary popular-culture version of these wars, in the movie "Dances with Wolves," is a cartoon image that simply stands old "B" western stereotypes on their heads, with noble Indians and brutalized soldiers. The only battles in the Indian Wars that remain household names today are an Indian victory, Little Big Horn, and the late episode at Wounded Knee, remembered now as a massacre rather than a battle. The only American military man now remembered as an "Indian fighter" is General George Custer (Other famous Americans were Indian fighters, notably President Andrew Jackson and many Civil War generals. But only Custer is now remembered for his exploits against..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the film, "The Elephant Man," directed by David Lynch. It specifically analyzes the film according to the philosophy of Anita Silvers in her essay "From The Crooked Timber of Humanity, Beautiful Things Can Be Made." The paper describes Silvers' view that the standards of symmetry and wholeness should be rewritten as a standard for human health and discusses how this relates to the themes in "The Elephant Man."

From the Paper
"In her essay, "From The Crooked Timber of Humanity, Beautiful Things Can Be Made," Anita Silvers makes a profound call that the standards of symmetry and wholeness be rewritten as a standard for human health in a way that is sounded like a clarion call throughout the film "The Elephant Man." Merrick's unique plight is not simply tragic, rather his presence elevates the lives of others, and shows the valuable moral contribution that persons with so-called disabilities can make to society. Because of Merrick's unique presence in their lives, the cold medical professionals gain insight into the need to view human subjects and illness in a mode that is not simply mechanical, but humane and compassionate. The concept of how health is understood in moral terms becomes destabilized because of Merrick's overwhelming, instinctive morality, based upon his skillful perception of his situation."

Tags:tragedy, normality, disability

Abstract
The paper discusses how Brazilian society in the modern age has been marked by pronounced regional and ethnic diversity. The paper relates that descendants of Portuguese settlers, Amerindians, and African slaves comprise the main cultural groups and the heritage from the Portuguese has been disproportionate to the number of Portuguese settlers because they were colonizers and left their mark on the nation's political system and social institutions. However, the paper points out that the fact that the society is varied does not mean that the different elements mix together equally, as is noted in the book "Black Brazil" by Larry Crook, in which Antonio Pitanga states that blacks are invisible in Brazilian society.

From the Paper
"I. Introduction A. Diversity of Brazilian society B. Place of blacks in Brazilian society II. Racism A. In Brazilian society B. New president supporting affirmative action C. Marginalization of blacks D. Discrimination against blacks E. Racial mix F. Blacks in education..."

Tags:blacks, brazil, lula

Abstract
Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, was only forty years old when he was assassinated at Harlem's Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965. This paper examines who was Malcolm X was and what took him from the ghetto mentality of Harlem to become a small time crook, to prison and then to rehabilitation and the voice of defiance against the white man's injustice.

From the Paper
"Malcolm's beginning years planted the seed of what he would become, and the rage he felt. "One of Malcolm's earliest memories was of fire and destruction. He would always remember 'being snatched awake one night with a lot of screaming going on because our house was on fire.' The fire was said to have been started by white supremacists in Omaha." (Diamond, p. 11) Malcolm's father, Earl Little, was a Baptist preacher with radical ideas, who followed the teachings of Marcus Garvey, a famed black nationalist. Whether the neighbors, who neither liked the Little family nor the father's beliefs, were involved in the arson fire is not known, but they were not sorry to see the family move. In fact, the Littles (Earl and Louise) had to move a number of times during Malcolm's early years."

Tags:harlem, blacks, negroes

Abstract
This paper explains that, compared to the sophisticated accounting techniques adopted by Enron to hide its real financial health, the "modus operandi" of the 'crooks' at WorldCom was relatively simple, involving the improper capitalization of expenses by re-characterizing certain operating expenses as capital assets, and the improper release of reserves held against operating expenses. The author points out that personal greed stands out as the single biggest reason for this crime. The paper relates that the continuing manipulation of WorldCom's financial statements remained undetected from as far back as 1999 to mid-2002 due to the failure of the system because the auditors, the "moral watchdogs," were largely unregulated, and the accounting profession had followed a long-held tradition of self-regulation.

Table of Contents
Facts
Background
How Was the Fraud Perpetrated?
Why Was the Fraud Committed?
Preventing and Detecting Fraud
Why the Fraud Remained Undetected at WorldCom?
Measures Needed to Prevent or Detect Fraud
Comments and Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the 1990s, WorldCom entered into a number of long-term lease agreements with various third party telecommunication companies in order to gain access to their networks. According to the terms of the agreements, WorldCom was obliged to pay a fixed amount to the carriers, regardless of how much of the leased capacity was actually utilized by WorldCom. These lease payments were named "line costs" and as per the prevailing accounting principles should have been treated as "operating expenses" in the income statements of the company. By 2000, the optimistic growth projections in the telecomm sector had failed to materialize, and WorldCom's incomes could not keep pace with its rising expenses. If the company's declining income had become public at that stage, its share price that had reached a peak of $64 in 1999 would have fallen drastically."

Tags:share, auditors, greed, capitalization, expenses

Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the movie 'Serpico' that shows police corruption or cops above the law. The writer addresses many scenes in the movie that depict this type of behavior from a pro-police perspective. The writer explains that 'Serpico' is based on a true story of a New York policeman newly graduated from the police academy who discovers dishonesty throughout the police department. The writer discusses that this movie tells about Frank Serpico dealing with crooked police officers in the early 1970s in New York City. The writer believes that this movie is very accurate of what was going on during that time when many police officers lost their jobs and were even prosecuted.

From the Paper
"Serpico gets transferred to another precinct in Manhattan where he finds out that they are also taking money. Serpico and his new partner tell the Chief what is going on but the Chief wants to protect Commissioner Delaney. Serpico realizes that no one is going to do anything about corrupt police departments and decides to go to The New York Times. The mayor appoints an investigation commission of a five man committee headed by Whitman Knapp to review the city procedures for investigating police corruption.
"Serpico gets transferred to the narcotics division. He is on a stakeout with other officers and gets shot in the face. None of the other officers come to his aid but he does survive. Serpico appears at the Knapp commission and testifies about the police corruption."

Tags:cops, dishonesty, officer, investigation

Abstract
This paper explains that sucking on the thumb or other fingers is considered a very normal and accepted behavior in infants in Western culture until about age five; but, in some non-Western cultures, such as the African or Native American cultures, this habit may be less common or even missing. The author points out that a major concern about thumb sucking is health risks, including ingesting poison accidentally, infected fingernails, calluses, crooked finger, unlimited access of viruses and bacteria to the mouth, and dental problems. This paper stresses that perhaps the most appropriate way to approach thumb sucking is to provide a comfortable, nurturing, stimulating, and healthy environment for infants from the very beginning to prevent the child seeking finger-sucking as comfort.

From the Paper
"Additionally, the mouth is used by infants especially as one of the primary tools of exploration and discovery, as the child becomes accustomed to his or her environment and learns about the surrounding world. Other children may acquire the habit of thumb sucking from observing other children, during the toddler stages especially, and may be influenced to begin sucking from other children in daycare or on the playground and mimicking this behavior, or by observing an older sibling or relative that sucks on his or her thumb. Thumb sucking is considered to be normal until the age of four or five, depending on the developmental stage of the child, and if the habit is stopped by this age there are generally no physical or mental health problems caused by it."

Tags:treatment, health, dental, comfort, habit

Abstract
This essay explores the issue whether William M. Tweed corrupted post-Civil War New York. The author discusses the life of the post civil war mobster, how he corrupted the city of New York and how he was discovered to be crooked.

From the Paper
"Many people have there views on post Civil War New York, some like Alexander B. Callow Jr., say it was corrupt and run by William Tweed and the Tammany Hall gang. But other like Leo Hershkowitz have there own views on what it was like in New York after the Civil War, he thinks that all the bad and corrupt stuff was blamed on Tweed and his men because they were scapegoats. Many people think that this result of graft and theft, in the post Civil War city of New York was the consequence of what they called "Machine Politics."

Tags:city, corruption, history, mob, new, william, york, nast, thomas, tamany, hall

Abstract
This paper covers the role the United States government and politics played in the exportation of anthrax to Iraq before operation Desert Storm. This paper also questions the role and responsibility the United States government and crooked politics played in America's anthrax exposure, as well as covers the first cases of exposure of anthrax in the United States. This paper focuses on biological testing facilities in the United States and their mission. This paper also focuses on biological testing facilities that had existed Iraq and the United States intelligence agencies which had known of such facilities and that still approved the shipments of various pathogens to such facilities. Moreover, this paper discusses the bombing of these biological facilities from the outset of desert storm and the role this had played with the "Gulf War Syndrome".

From the Paper
"Weeks after the September 11, 2001 attacks, our nation faced another act of terrorism. Anthrax was exposed to our country with intentions to kill. Not far from Mohammed Ata's hometown, in south Florida, the first cases of infection were found. Mohammed Ata was one of the hijackers in flight aboard one of the several planes involved in the September 11, 2001 attacks. Government officials believe there is a cell, somewhere in the area that is somehow linked with Al-Qeuda or Usama bin Laden. But, are government officials some how to blame for the United States exposure to anthrax?"

Tags:anthrax, gulf, war, syndrome, pathogens

Abstract
This paper explains that the Hardy Boys, in 1964, in "The Shore Road Mystery" are mere boys who can think like crafty adults, can go out and challenge crooks and thieves, and find a farmhouse to call for help with just old-fashioned land-based phones. The author points out that a young man learns that hard work and perseverance plus brainpower and the use of good instincts lead to success, even for kids. The paper relates that "Encyclopedia Brown and the Case of the Sleeping Dog" leaves the reader wondering how a seemingly normal kid named Encyclopedia Brown could come up with this kind of skullduggery and carry it off.

From the Paper
"The irony here is that Chet is on a research mission seeking information about car thieves, a felony crime that any kid could think about, but few could actually follow through. Still, he can't keep his hands out of the cake Aunt Gertrude gave him to deliver. A reader learns here that young men are always young men in most predictable respects (in this case, Chet is tempted by chocolate cake, and can't keep his hands off the cake notwithstanding the promise to deliver it); but in other areas, Chet is acting more like being a criminal investigator than a green-behind-the-ears / snot-nosed kid who can't keep his fingers out of a chocolate cake."

Tags:sleuthing, aunt, dog, phone, perseverance