Abstract
This paper critically explores and analyzes the origins, defining features, and practical implications of Oliver Cromwell's vision of the English Republic. The thesis is argued that Cromwell's vision was defined not so much by ideology, belief or philosophy as by a conviction that compromise and moderation were central to the government of England during the particularly divisive seventeenth century. The paper contends that, only through an understanding of Oliver Cromwell's vision of moderation as key to the resolution of civil strife, can we be begin to understand his achievement in navigating the ship of state during this highly disruptive period.

Outline:
Introduction
A House Divided
The Divisive Seventeenth Century
Squaring the Circle: Resolving Cromwell's Contradictory Vision

From the Paper
" Critics argue that it was Cromwell's youth growing up within an England in which the commercial classes and local squires were growing in power that contributed to his vision of an English Republic: "To all this new idea of government by squires and merchants Cromwell was born; in all this he grew up; all this was native to him when he appeared, almost thirty, in the first of the new rebellious Parliaments" (Belloc 13). Indeed, Cromwell's behaviour during the Long Parliament gives us critical insights into how at this early stage in his political career - long before he rose to near absolute power - Oliver Cromwell perceived the English Republic."

Tags:Parliament, Civil, War

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the controversial figure of Oliver Cromwell in British history. The writer discusses contradictions within this complex character and looks at the political philosophy of this politician in England in the 17th century.

From the Paper
"Oliver Cromwell is one of most controversial and contradictory figures in British history. A revolutionary with conservative sympathies, a regicide who tried to stop the execution of Charles I, a parliamentarian who ruled as a military dictator; all of these contradictions were embodied in the complex character and political philosophy of the man who dominated England in the middle years of the seventeenth century. Even for historians of today, with access to a wide range of documentary materials ..."

Tags:republic

Abstract
This paper analyzes Andrew Marvell's 'An Horation Ode Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland' and explains why it is significant as a primary source of historical evidence. The writer discusses the poem's style and use of language, along with its content, and shows how it contributes to a wider sense of political, literary and historical theory during the civil war period in England. The fact the poem was never published in Marvell's lifetime is examined to question whether it can provide a reliable reflection of the public mood on the political upheaval evident during the mid 17th century.

From the Paper
"It is interesting that Charles is alluded to as 'Justice' whereas Cromwell's succession is seen as Fate. Society, as said, was clearly divided, those who aligned them selves with the 'antient rights' of the Monarchy against those who looked forward to a new age of the Republic. In this time of crisis Marvell seems to indicate that only those who are strong and true to their beliefs will prevail, whether their cause is 'just' or not. Marvell portrays an admiration for Cromwell's strength of character during such indecisive times. The regicide, although described, is never questioned as a social or moral dilemma; it is Cromwell, the man of action, who takes centre stage."

Tags:stanza tension monarchy nationalism tension culture classical, civil war, intellectual

From the Paper
"Oliver Cromwell and British Destiny

Introduction: The Reformation
The Reformation was a political and religious revolution that was ongoing in Europe throughout the 16th century. Turmoil was created within many European monarchies when the central tenet of state religion, in most cases Catholicism, was challenged for political or religious reasoning (Tudors and Stuarts, 1997).

In England, Henry the VIII sought to break the ties to the Catholic Church in 1529. His reasoning dealt with centralizing power and obtaining an heir to the throne. In order to work his will, Henry the VIII convened a Parliament to help him draft new laws and policies. In this way, Henry the VIII set a precedent for latter clashes of power between Parliament and ruling authority."

Abstract
The following paper examines how well Wolsey and Cromwell supported Henry's ambitions to be a great and grand king. The writer argues that Wolsey's role was to administer, whereas Cromwell reformed and created, and it was mainly due to his efforts that the reign of Henry VIII is seen as a critical point in the transition from medieval to modern government.

From the Paper
"A succession of ministers served Henry VIII during his reign, although today only two, possibly three, names come to mind. Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell were the two pre-eminent servants of Henry's reign with others such as Fox, Warham and Gardiner taking a lesser role. Sir Thomas More is possibly better known today for a modern play about him than for what he achieved in three years as Lord Chancellor after Wolsey's fall."

Tags:boleyn, eltham, england, fox, gardiner, government, more, papacy, reformation, warham

Abstract
This paper explains that Hill's book, which broke new ground in historical investigation, brings forth a story of a revolution that was quietly taking place in England while Oliver Cromwell ordered the beheading of Charles I. The author points out that the Levellers, Quakers, and Diggers, together with other minor shared a common vision and tried to introduce change in the strict political and social systems of Britain. The paper relates that, while the movements fell apart with the restoration of monarchy, these visionaries are responsible for implanting the seeds of change, which later led to development of a modern, more equal, and fairer society.

From the Paper
"The one major weakness of the book is the inability of the author to trace the true identity of these radicals. Who were they, which income group did they belong to, which area had they come from and were there more radicals in one area and less in another. Well these questions have largely remained unanswered as Hill focuses on their aims and accomplishments. We must also not forget that while these radical groups had one specific aim such as social and political change, they did not stand united on every issue. There were some division of thought, which might have been the cause of their failure later in 17th century, but their unity for most part was the main highlight of this radical period."

Tags:cromwell, visionaries, quakers, levellers, restoration

Abstract
This paper describes the House of Tudor, established when Henry Tudor wrested the crown away from Richard III, by featuring the reigns of Henry VII, Henry III, Edward, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I. The paper reviews Cardinal Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell and Stephen Gardner, three main advisers to Henry VIII during his reign. The paper focuses on the Henrican Reformation and the conflict between the Catholics and the Protestant.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Those Who Shaped Henry VIII Court
The Henrican Reformation
Elizabeth I
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cromwell had served as an aid to Wolsey, and had learned from Wolsey matters of state and church. Cromwell helped Henry VIII find a way to ignore the Collectanea. Cromwell proposed that the king seek a dissolution of marriage from an English court, through the Parliamentary authority. This was not the solution that Henry immediately accepted, because others among his inner circle, Norfolk and Suffolk among them, hoped to do it through the Church, and believed that they could exact pressure on the Church of England to make that happen."

Tags:authority, church, cromwell, elites, politician

Abstract
This paper explains that, whereas Shakespeare sought to depict power struggles in terms of personal conflicts and the differing methodologies of self-interested individuals who held conflicting principles, Bacon saw man as a perfectible creature that was capable of shedding dogmatic hindrances and becoming the progenitor of a utopian community. The author points out that Milton dealt not with men at all, but portrayed divine characters in a human manner that illustrated a political context for the power struggle that was, in his time, internalized by many Christians. The paper stresses the one thing that all these writers share is that they were seldom out of favor with the political apparatus of Britain; Shakespeare and Bacon were often apologists for the monarchy, and Milton was a favorite of Cromwell's Puritan regime.

From the Paper
"Here Shakespeare illustrates a contradiction between well-meaning, honest people and manipulative, power-hungry people. One of the themes of King Lear is that honest people, who we might desire as leaders, behave in a way that is limited by the parameters of their integrity. As with the case of Cordelia, this leads them to say some things that are met with reproach. On the other hand, the actions of power-hungry people are not limited, but rather they are structured in a way so as to achieve an optimal outcome, and to get power at any cost."

Tags:personal, conflict, utopian, divine, political

Abstract
The paper discusses the intellectual origins of this periood, the birth of pre-enlightenment ideas (Hobbes, Locke, etc.) and religious tension between the Puritans and Anglicans. The author presents the sources of the conflict: Charles I's desire to impose Anglicanism on England and Scotland, Parliaments yearning for more power, the rise and fall of Cromwell's Commonwealth, anti-Catholic fears and the "Glorious Revolution". The paper points out changes from this period : They Wrought: English Bill of Rights, end of tyrannical monarchs, and greater Parliamentary control. The author explains the impact on history from this time: Progression toward a three-tiered, modern government and secular ideas of progress and rights of the individual, which would become the foundation for the Enlightenment and fuel the French and American Revolutions.

Abstract
This essay discusses Anna Trapnel's "Report and Plea," which is a narration of her trip to Cornwall and her imprisonment and release. We see that much of her prophecy revolved around criticizing Cromwell.

Tags:report, and, plea