Abstract
This paper offers two distinct critiques of Puritan literature. The first critique examines a letter by John Smith to one of his investors, who was complaining about a lack of return on his investment in the New World. The letter is compared with a similar one by Christopher Columbus to the Queen of Spain. The second critique highlights the nature of domestic relationships in a Puritan community in a poem by Anne Bradstreet.

Tags:puritan, literature, critiques

Abstract
This paper consists of two three-page book critiques on two different subjects. The first paper examines children in biracial families in the work "Communication, Race and Family: Exploring Communication in Black White and Biracial Families" by editors Rhunette C. Diggs and Thomas J. Sochaand. The second part of the paper examines the reporting of child abuse in the book "Protecting Children from Child Sexual Abuse."

From the Paper
"In their book 'Communication, Race and Family: Exploring Communication in Black,White and Biracial Families" editors Rhunette C. Diggs and Thomas J. Socha discuss the effects of interracial marriage on children since the landmark case of Loving v State of Virginia overturned laws forbidding interracial marriage as unconstitutional. Traditionally interracial marriages have been discouraged on the basis that the innocent products of these marriages-biracial or multiracial children-would suffer alienation from both the black and white communities."

Tags:children, book, critique, child sexual abuse, biracial families, race

Abstract
Summary: Writers such as Bernard Shaw base their critique of capitalism on Marx. Nothing can be critiqued simply by condemning it. Those who understand capitalism realize that it has many potential benefits, will need to be overthrown, but then will rise once more. This is economic history.

Tags:critique capitalism, marx

Abstract
In this article, the writer critiques 15 historians from 5 different schools of historiography on their writings about American democracy.

From the Paper
"Over time a number of schools of historiography or the interpretation of history have emerged. Certainly one recognizes that as Paul Johnson notes historians tend to interpret the past in light of the present as well as their own particular ideology. At issue in this essay is a critique of five specific schools of history each reflecting different historiographical approaches to a subject. The thesis to be examined is that over time historians examining the American experience have presented widely differing interpretations ..."

Tags:historiography, democracy

Abstract
This essay critically examines Ronald Dworkin's criticisms of Hart's positivism, in "Models of Rules 1", in order to determine the relative strength of Dworkin's critiques. The paper argues, with reference to the work of both men, on the issue of legal principles, Dworkin's criticism of Hart's positivism is strongest while, in contrast, Dworkin's criticism of the theory of discretion under Hart's positivism is notably weak.

From the Paper
"Critiques of Positivism: Dworkin v. Hart Ronald Dworkin, in "Models of Rules 1," presents a range of criticisms of the philosophy of legal positivism as embodied in the work of H.L.A. Hart."

Tags:law, philosophy, positivism

Abstract
The paper relates that it is known that with species that choose their mates, the mate is chosen based on criteria which signify the particular desirable qualities. The paper explains that female birds of several species choose mates based on their song complexity although it is uncertain what male quality the complexity indicates. The paper discusses the hypothesis that was that song complexity is linked with learning ability. The paper describes how to test that hypothesis, a correlational design was used and the songs of 27 male zebra finches were recorded and assessed for complexity.

From the Paper
"Critique 1. Boogert, Meetje; Giraldeau, Luc-alain & Lefebvre, Louis. 2008. "Song complexity correlates with learning ability in zebra finch males." Animal Behavior, 76, 1735-1741. Summary. It is known that with species that choose their mates, the mate is chosen based on criteria which signify the particular desirable qualities. Female birds of several species choose mates based on their song complexity although it is uncertain what male quality the complexity indicates."

Tags:traits, behavior, studies

Abstract
the paper examines how Johansson et al. (2001) conducted a study in which one nurse manager was observed and surveyed (p. 149). The paper explains that the purpose of the study was to determine the ability of the nurse manager to achieve goals; particularly those goals associated with leadership. The paper points out that because the role of the nurse manager was new at the current moment in the facility, determining the ability of the nurse manager to achieve her professional goals was significant.

Tags:nursing, leadership, mgmt

Abstract
This paper, divided into three parts, presents a formal analysis of two paintings and then compares them to one another. The first painting discussed is Honore Daumier's "Third Class Carriage" (1862) which depicts a train carriage full of peasants. The second part examines Edward Hopper's "Nighthawks" of 1942, which is set in a largely deserted city district, where three individuals sit around a rounded, open table in the middle of a diner. The third part of the paper compares the two works. The paper shows that both works, despite their common subject matters and techniques, must be viewed as parts of different traditions. Daumier's work stems from the European reaction to Romanticism, while Hopper's work stems from the American evolution and adaptation of European techniques to create a new, more eviscerating social critique of the life of the common man in America.

From the Paper
"Both pieces depict observed images of the lives of ordinary people, conducting ordinary acts of life such as traveling or eating. Both pieces depict individuals in public rather than private spaces. Both pieces depict individuals in transition, in one case on a train in transit, in the other case, waiting to leave a coffee shop with someone, or for a meeting elsewhere, or (in the case of the waiter) just waiting for the night to pass him by. Both works demonstrate how by simply portraying ordinary aspects of life, those acts accrue a significance in the mind of the viewer."

Tags:Romantic, Realist, movement

Abstract
A critique of three books on education: "Teachers as Cultural Workers", "The Mis-Education of the Negro" and "Affirming Diversity". The paper discusses the purpose and function of pedagogy as well as other main points of the books, and evaluates them.

From the Paper
"Education scholar Paulo Freire's "Teachers as Cultural Workers" presents his humanistic concept of education and his argument that teachers need to engage in critical thinking about teaching and learning. The title of the book reflects its major theme that teachers should not only love teaching but also love others, in spite of any obstacles such as the bureaucratization of education systems, problem learners and low salaries. Freire's pedagogy is..."

Tags:Education Teachers Students School Multiculturalism Freire Chomsky Nieto Prejudice Diversity, Pedagogy

Abstract
The paper critiques the article based on its theoretical framework and the presentation of the findings. The paper describes how the theoretical framework is critiqued for adequate description, appropriateness and its relation to the findings, while the presentation is critiqued for adequate detail, how it was written, concision, overt biases and the adequacy of the abstract.

From the Paper
"The report describes a theoretical framework upon which the study is based. In particular, the authors employed Orem's Theory of Self-Care and Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory into one framework, the enhance-behavior-performance model (Sousa, Zauszniewski, Musil, Price Lea & Davis, 2005). The report adequately describes the major features of the theory."

Tags:quantitative, critique, nursing