Abstract
This paper explains that critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), as an intervention to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is effective because it is not only time-efficient but also provides a sense of community, wherein patients are able to share and cope with their experiences by better understanding what they went through vis-a-vis other people's experiences. The author points out that, in anticipation of these critical incidents or events, a CISD team is already created and includes health care professionals, trained to respond immediately to patients suffering from PTSD. The paper relates that, in addition to continuous monitoring of the patients' cases, the CISD team also must assume leadership of their team by creating "role assignments" for each patient-participant to maintain a sense of community and group belonging even after the session.

From the Paper
"During the debriefing, professional assistance is conducted using a 7-phase technique: (1) introductory phase; (2) fact phase; (3) thought phase; (4) feeling phase; (5) assessment phase; (6) education phase; and (7) reentry phase. These phases are similar to other treatment techniques dealing with PTSD; however, these phases become crucial when applied in the CISD setting, since each phase must be dealt with with caution and sensitivity. The first phases establishes rapport among the members (participants) of the CISD group..."

Tags:phases, community, ready, time-efficient, team

Abstract
This paper explains that a critical incident is an abnormally stressful event that may be psychologically traumatic resulting in post traumatic stress disorder. The author relates that the company for which an employee named Adam worked, had a training program that was based on the social learning theory. The social learning theory focuses on learning that occurs within a social context. The paper then states that, a disadvantage of this theory is that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance and that learning may or may not result in a behavior change. The paper stresses that if the company would have had a formal training program, as well as requiring certification for the use of all equipment, Adam's accident could have easily been avoided.

From the Paper
"The critical incident I'm going to discuss involves a teenage boy named Adam. Adam had been working for a small recycling company for about two months in the stock room. On the day of his accident Adam's boss asked him to come in for a few extra hours to drive a forklift because one of his co-workers was unable to make it to their shift. He didn't get any formal training to operate a forklift and didn't even know there was such a thing as a license for operating one. The only training he received was through observing other employees."

Tags:training certification, post traumatic stress disorder, mandatory observation

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the quest for continuous professional improvement, teachers are encouraged to reflect on important events in their careers. The paper explains that these events allow us to determine what is going well and what needs refinement. The writer relates that professional reflection on critical incidents in his teaching history has allowed him to refine his classroom climate, pedagogy, and personal relationships with students.

From the Paper
"Professional reflection on critical incidents in my teaching history has allowed me to refine my classroom climate, pedagogy, and personal relationships with students. One of the most effective ways to improve as a teacher is reflection. During the school day, teachers are forced to make dozens, even hundreds of decisions about how to address issues of curriculum, discipline, and daily operation of the classroom. Often, we have to make these decisions on the spot, without the luxury of additional information or time to consider a variety of responses. After we make a decision, or commit an..."

Tags:critical, incidents, reflection

Abstract
The paper describes the critical incidents observed in a sixth grade classroom and notes that these critical incidents were mainly due to the fact that traditional forms of instruction fail to stimulate adequately or hold the attention of students of the present multimedia generation. The paper relates that there was a large disparity in terms of motivation to participate in class activities, which involve verbal, formal instruction as opposed to more liberal, unstructured learning activities such as in the computer lab. The author underscores that educational institutions ironically seem to be lagging behind in the Information Age. The paper concludes that not only is there a need for computer technology in the class room but also that information must be presented in ways similar to more contemporary media approaches.

Table of Contents:
Critical Incidents
Discussion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Another study by Albright, Purohit, and Walsh sought to provide a qualitative perspective of class discussions in chat rooms. The results of their study was interesting in that the students were observed to conduct insightful dialogues amongst themselves in spite of the disjointed, fragmented nature of the conversations and inattention to formal written language usage the chat transcripts took; for all intents and purposes, the chat room emulated a face-to-face dialogue between the students in being spontaneous, informal and informative for the participants."

Tags:interactions lectures, multimedia generation, unstructured cyberculture

Abstract
The proposed research consists of an empirical investigation of the attitudes of experienced and less experienced operational police officers toward the frequency and intensity of 17 selected stressors representing critical incidents. A sample of 50 serving officers, divided into 25 subjects with eight or fewer years of experience and an equal number of officers with more than eight years of experience will be randomly selected. Demographic data and responses to a 17-item listing of critical incidents developed using a 5-point Likert scale will be collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be computed, with significance established at the p>.05 level.

From the Paper
"Psychologists use the term stress to describe the body's reactions to outside pressures, or the physiological wear and tear caused by an attempt to adjust to events that cause emotional and other kinds of arousal (Cohen & Williamson, 1991). Many situations place a serious burden on the emotional and physical well-being of the human organism and it is the rare person indeed who has not experienced stress during the course of his or her life. Many events that are commonplace are known to produce stress. Noise, isolation, any abrupt shift of environment such as takes place when schools, jobs, or places of residence are changed, and the general kind of rapid change which has taken place in all aspects of modern life can create stress (Cohen & Williamson, 1991). Stress can be caused by a diseased germ, air and noise pollution, or physical danger. It can accompany any situation that produces anxiety, frustration or conflict and therefore the physical wear and tear of intense or prolonged emotion. Stress therefore depends not only on outside events but on how the individual reacts to those events (Levy & Heiden, 1991)."

Tags:data, demographic, officer, occupation, stress

Abstract
This paper analyzes a critical incident in social work in which a client could not speak English and therefore the social worker had to use an interpreter. It talks about crosscultural communication, the use of interpreters, and how the social worker felt about the incident, and what he learned from it.

From the Paper
"This paper describes a critical incident and its outcome. A critical incident here is defined as any incident which was witnessed or participated in and led to reflection and a learning event about oneself and others, or about the particular social work task about the process of learning to be a social worker or organizational policies and procedures. The incident in question was when I, as a student social worker, had to interview a client who had very little understanding of the English language. Not being a skilled..."

Tags:critical incident, social work, client, cross cultural communication

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the influence of scenario-based planning within the policy measures found within critical incident management (CIM) for security organizations. The writer notes that with terrorism and natural disasters, such as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, this form of policy creating apparatus is helping to insure that authorities, organizations, and other people involved in security have a set of guidelines to follow in case of a future emergency. Many security agencies are currently using a scenario-based policy to enable officials and security personnel to adapt and understand emergencies and to follow set rules to keep order and stability in these types of organizations. The writer concludes that the primary facets of scenario-based planning are an influential part of how institutional strategic management is now being incorporated into modern security organizations.

From the Paper
"The role of scenario-based planning within security organizations has been a major influence in how policy in constructed for disasters or violent threats to any agency. Security firms have often used various models to help bring about possible scenarios to help create order and return normal functionality to many processes that include the safety of personnel, financial security, and the way that the organization is able to solve possible problems. With a new policy initiative focused on the necessity future scenarios, there is a general consensus through these organizations to bring forth ways to handle problems through their possible causal factors, rather than having to react with uncertain immediacy to events that were not premeditated."

Tags:terrorism, Homeland, policies, disasters

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of scenario-based planning in critical incidents by criminal justice, security, and justice organizations.

From the Paper
"Forecasting is becoming an increasingly significant task for private and public sector decision-makers. As economies become more productive and efficient and as conflicts between different groups emerge and destabilize social order, an environment of uncertainty is established in which there is increased recognition of the very real costs associated with being unprepared for critical incidents. (Franklin) At issue in this report is a discussion of how scenario-based planning can be used in institutional strategic management in the justice and security sectors."

Tags:scenario based planning, justice, security, law enforcement

Abstract
The paper describes the circumstances surrounding the terrorist bombings in Oklahoma City, at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, and the transit bombings in London in 2005 in terms of similarities, differences, and the response to the attacks.

From the Paper
"Today the threat of terrorism is stronger than ever before and millions of people around the world live with the threat of manmade disasters as the number of natural disasters also continues to rise. Law enforcement and other first responders are increasingly challenged to move rapidly and efficiently to deal with the casualties of such crises. The two fundamental goals of a disaster response as identified by Aylwin et, al. are to remove casualties from a hazardous incident scene..."

Tags:first responders, terrorism, incident management

Abstract
The paper argues that the primary facets of scenario-based planning are an influential part of how institutional strategic management is now being incorporated into modern security organizations. The paper asserts that by understanding the changing role of past and future events within seemingly unbelievable events of 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, new policies must be instilled that represent a more creative perspective and objective analysis of possible future events that will need to be provided through security firms.

Tags:justice, law, provisions