Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that tests may be categorized into two major groups that are norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. The writer notes that each of these testing methods has differing intended purposes, as well as the way in which the content is selected. The writer focuses on criterion-referenced testing, that is in no way like norm-referenced testing and uses an objective standard to measure the achievement level. According to the writer, criterion-referenced tests stand to greatly benefit those who use them, as this is a highly effective tool towards the measurement of an individual's performance within a particular area. The writer concludes with recommendations for use.

Outline:
Criterion-Referenced Testing
Recommendation of Use
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Each testing method has a primary reason for use, the norm-referenced tests being to classify students in comparison to their standing versus other students. They are designed to highlight the differences among students to produce a dependable rank order of students across a continuum of achievement from the highest to lowest achievers. Criterion-referenced tests determine what test takers are able to do, and what they know, not how they fare in comparison to the rest of the testing group. Criterion-referenced tests report on how well a student are performing relative to a pre-determined level of performance, based upon a set of specified educational goals and outcomes within the school itself, or the district or even state curriculum."

Tags:students, performance, standard, evaluation

Abstract
This paper examines profit measure criterion and argues how it can benefit a hospital facility grappling with high costs and with high expectations. In so doing, the paper considers several of the broad characteristics that define non-profit organizations at the same time as it explicates how an effective policy governance model and health care provisioning can be achieved. The paper concludes by noting that hospitals must understand that they have finite resources and that offering a few core services at a high level is infinitely preferable to running up a high debt offering numerous services at a low level.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the profit measure criterion and argue how it can benefit a hospital facility grappling with high costs and with high expectations. In so doing, the paper will look at several of the broad characteristics that define non-profit organizations at the same time as it will explicate how an effective policy governance model and health care provisioning can be achieved simply by paying attention to the bottom line. IN the end, hospitals must understand that they have finite resources and that offering a few core services at a high level is infinitely preferable to running up a high debt offering numerous services..."

Tags:finance, management, organizations

Abstract
Kedourie (1994) states that nationalism "pretends to supply a criterion for the determination of the units of population proper to enjoy a government exclusively its own, for the legitimate exercise of power in the state..." (p. 1). Furthermore, Kedourie (1994) asserts that the existence of nations is the result of Western notions about the division of the world, which was accepted by all people through a doctrine of nationalism (p. 1). It is also Kedourie's (1994) philosophy that nationalism exists through "social arrangements...which maximize please and minimize pain" (p. 2). Therefore, in Kedourie's (1994) view, nationalism is a doctrine that is created through "inter-related ideas about man, society and politics" (p. 136).

From the Paper
Nationalism and Ideology Note to client: The definitions of nationalism and ideology that are used have been italicized and highlighted. Various definitions of nationalism and ideology have been presented in the readings and class discussions. In your essay, present and explain a definition of nationalism (your own or one we have studied). Then present and explain a definition of ideology (your own or one we have studied) and explain why, in light of your definitions, you think nationalism is or is not ideological. Kedourie (1994) states that nationalism "pretends to supply a criterion

Tags:ideology, nationalism, define

Abstract
In this paper, the arguments of Lewis and Wigen agree with Said's arguments on the complexity and diversity of geographical identity that often conflicts with the imperialistic agendas of western nations against Orientalism. Often, the criterion of western imperialism is founded in the way that geographies are generalized and categorized through a hierarchical global infrastructure that subjugates non-western Oriental cultures. Although Said often defines the imperial nature of the west as an enemy to his own "culture", he is invariably arguing against the same "imaginary geography" proposed by Lewis and Wigen through the more objectively defined interstitial zones of the world.

From the Paper
Thank you for purchasing a customized research paper from Essay Experts LLC. We strive to deliver to our customers the most accurate and up-to-date research each and every time we prepare a custom work. Your Writer ID: #255 Order ID: 16240 Topic: East Asia Studies Disclaimer: This document should be used in precisely the same way you would use any article you might find in your local research library. Remember, you must cite it properly just like you would any other source listed in your bibliography. If you have any questions regarding citing

Tags:geo, graphics, writing

Abstract
In this article, the writer offers a pro-life argument, but the paper does not wrangle over at what point the fetus becomes a human being. THe writer stresses that this is a material question, and that a material question cannot determine a moral argument. A moral argument must be forward looking, and must eschew the backward looking mode of investigating facts. The writer maintains that a forward looking argument must abide by the Kantian criterion of duty. It must aim for the universal good rather than pay heed to individual preference. The pro-choice stance does not meet the demands of the categorical imperative. The writer argues that it is obviously a step on the slippery slope, for there is no limit to individual preference.

From the Paper
"Every debate must be guided by morality and justice. The pro-choice argument seems to be, at first sight, not without a moral basis. It is a morality that bases itself in individualism and utilitarianism. The woman is said to have the right to control her own body, and the unborn fetus is claimed to be yet a part of the mother's body, and not yet a distinct human being. In this way, it is argued, she has the right to terminate the life of the fetus, which constitutes abortion. Against this the usual pro-life argument holds the line that the fetus is not only a part of the mother's body, and that it is indeed a distinct human being. This paper argues that it is a mistake to engage the pro-choice believer in a materialistic argument, and that he cannot be won over in this manner. The resolution must be only through a moral argument, and in this light it stresses the Kantian concept of duty. Kant gives us the categorical imperative by which to test the moral content of an act, and I will employ this test to show that the pro-choice argument is flawed, and that an act of abortion can in no way be seen as being moral. Indeed it must be classed as immoral, because it is really doing nothing, and is allowing animal instinct to rule human behavior. "

Tags:choice, fetus, viability, fundamental, rights, morality

Abstract
This paper examines non-profit organizations, focusing particularly on profit measure criterion, and argues how it can benefit a hospital facility grappling with high costs and high expectations. In so doing, the paper looks at several of the broad characteristics that define non-profit organizations and suggests how an effective policy governance model and health care provisioning can be achieved simply by paying attention to the bottom line. The paper concludes that hospitals must understand that they have finite resources and that offering a few core services at a high level is infinitely preferable to running up a high debt offering numerous services at a low level.

From the Paper
"One of the strengths of using the profit measure approach is how it can succeed in ensuring that there is no confusion about who does what, what is expected when they do it, and what the final outcome(s) should be. According to Carver & Carver (2006), the properly-functioning Policy Governance Model will accentuate the following: self-imposed rules (for the board) vis-a-vis the delegation of authority and the method by which "board-stated" criteria will be utilized during the evaluation process; clarity in terms of who is responsible to whom; and a determination to see to it that board decisions (while open to possible change) are never undermined. While Carver and Carver do not touch upon it, the preceding governance approach clearly functions best when there is one easily quantifiable, easily transferable, means of measuring who is performing and who is not performing across the whole breadth of the organization's activities. The profit measure obviously does this and thereby sees to it that long-term goals are not compromised by short-term mismanagement in one department (or group of departments)."

Tags:hospital, management, financial, organization

Abstract
This work deals with Kant's understanding of the basis for moral actions taken from his work entitled "The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals." He believes that there is one criterion for moral obligation which he refers to as the "categorical imperative." A large part of this essay discusses the four ways in which this "categorical imperative" can be formulated.

From the Paper
"In presenting the one criterion for moral obligation, Immanuel Kant first rejects other moral traditions before his time: among them, the virtue theory, which bases morality on good character traits; and the consequential theory, which bases it on the consequences of actions. In response, he argues that moral actions are based only on a "supreme principle of morality," one that is objective, rational and freely chosen -- which he called the categorical imperative."

Tags:Kant, Categorical, Imperative, morality, obligation, objective, formula

Abstract
The movie "Fargo" is analyzed within a cinematic criterion that will include characterization, technical aspects of filming, and scene analysis. By understanding the elements of film making in these categories, the process in which this film was made will be reveale.

Tags:analysis, film, fargo

Abstract
This paper reviews the Georgia Criterion reference Competency test (GCRCT), the instrument given to determine the learning capabilities of students at River's Edge Elementary School. In recent years the students in the fourth grade, or intermediate levels have neglected to pass these exams, with the primary issue being related to reading comprehension. The paper discusses the research that was conducted to address this issue by providing a format in which the students could acquire new skills in reading comprehension at River's Edge. The plan focused on predicting, questions generating, clarifying, and summarizing. This was accomplished through before, during and after reading strategies, modeling, annolighted texts, and reciprocal teachings methods.

Tags:results, intervention, education

From the Paper
"Information technology has been and continues to be applied in a wide range of economic activities. Most frequently, one hears only of the benefits associated with the application of information technology in some specific industry or to some particular economic process. Costs, however, also are associated with the application of information technology, although such costs may not outweigh the benefits of such application or even cause disequilibrium and dislocations over long periods. The purpose of this research was to assess the contention that the application of information technology to the process of international trade leads to Pareto Optimality. The finding..."