Abstract
This paper reviews ten articles on the currency crises of the past 20 years. The paper examines the global impact a crisis in one country or area has on the world, such as the Asian currency crisis of the 1990s, and discusses the notion that currency crises are self-fulfilling. The paper also looks at whether currency crises are predictable.

From the Paper
"Currency crises have gained much attention in the past years because they have apparently occurred with greater frequency than in the past or perhaps because the global nature of today's financial markets make a currency crisis in one nation a concern around the world. Increasingly, currency stability is of interest to more than just economists and policy makers, with companies and individual investors noting the movement or stability of various currencies with interest .These are not necessarily new stakeholders with regard to..."

Tags:Currency crises, currency crisis, literature review

Abstract
This document discusses currency crises and utilizes the Asian financial crisis of 1997 to 1998 and the Mexican peso crisis of 1994 as illustrative examples. The writer explains that the Asian financial crisis began in Thailand with the sudden devaluation of the Thai baht but is unique in that it spread to many other Asian markets. Therefore it is useful to examine this example from the perspective of its development and impact on a single market and the South Korean economy is used as an example. The writer discusses that the Mexican peso crisis of 1994 was isolated to that market and was triggered by the sudden devaluation of the peso and made worse by the fact that Mexico had established little of the necessary safeguards and reforms to stabilize the currency during its adjustment period following devaluation. The writer concludes that in both of these examples, the currency crises were precipitated by sudden capital flights out of the markets in question which exacerbated the devaluation of the currencies.

Tags:currency, crises

Abstract
Three times in the past two decades we have seen an economic crisis hit developing countries. These were the debt crisis in the 1980s, the Tequila Crisis in 1994-1995, and the Asian Crisis that started in 1997. Each of these had impacts that affected other countries as well. This paper looks at the ways in which such crises start and possible means to determine which countries are susceptible to them. The ways in which this type of crisis spreads is also examined, since it appears that the same methods of determining whether a country might be the source of such a problem can also show if a country is open to contagion in the event a crisis does occur in another country. The paper begins by looking at some of the events involved in the three crises discussed. Only the latest crisis-in Asia-is discussed in detail. The two prevailing hypotheses to explain these events are then discussed with their shortcomings. One interpretation is that the governments are to blame. This outlook claims that the latest crisis-in Asia-is the result of weak government regulations and strong government guarantees. This also leads straight into the moral hazard theory. The other side focuses on economics and claims that fragile markets in the region can allow a crisis in one market to trigger a panic and financial collapse in others. In the case of the Asian crisis this is traced back to Thailand. It is shown that by putting these two hypotheses together, rather than trying to keep them mutually exclusive, a more cohesive picture-and hypothesis-can be created. Information concerning the three crises examined is shown to be more readily explained by using the approaches together rather than separately.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
A Brief Look at Three Debt Crises
A Look at Prevailing Theories and Problems with Them
Tying the Two Approaches Together
Contagion
Conclusion and Comments
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Financial system reform is another area in which the realms of government and economics are clearly linked. Such reforms are virtually always the result of government action and not due to the efforts of business and industry. In fact, these reforms are often done despite the desires of the various sectors of commerce. The IMF again gives us striking examples of this. The conditions the IMF places on loans frequently require that a government take actions that will affect the economy. That is, in fact, the rationale behind the conditions."

Tags:IMF, ASEAN, baht, Great, Depression, taxation

Abstract
The paper identifies the parallels between the sequence of economic crises in Argentina in the beginning of this century and the 1929 Great Depression of the United States. The paper goes on to explain how Argentina addressed this financial disaster through rapid re-structuring of its debt and through restoring the valuation of their national currency, the peso. The paper discusses the lessons learned from this painful time in Argentina's history and highlights how they illustrate how brutal the effects of economic downturns can be on nations in the 21st century. The paper also points out that the skyrocketing interest rates, depth of GDP drops and the immediate and severe impacts on the citizens of the country demonstrate how critical it is to define economic strategies more aligned with stable monetary policies. The paper includes two tables of key economic indicators for Argentina and Argentina's demographic profile as appendices to the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Argentina's Economic Crises
Effects of Economic Crises on Argentina in the 21rst Century
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are many parallels between the sequence of economic crises in Argentina in the beginning of this century and through 2002 - 2003 timeframe and the 1929 Great Depression of the United States. First, both nations experienced bank runs where depositors demanded all of their assets. Argentina dealt with its most major crises by emulating the strategies used during the Great Depression in the United States. According to the Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933, the President of the United States, who was Franklin Delano Roosevelt at the time, could define the standard price of gold and further define the use of gold as the standard for currency. The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 set the price per ounce of gold at $35, which served to underwrite the American dollar by 59.6% (Friedman, Schwartz, 1963). This immediately accomplished two critical tasks. First, it alleviated a rush to hoard gold as the most valuable medium of exchange, which could have plunged the U.S. into a far deeper depression and potential re-ordering of its political foundation. Second, it placed gold as the basis of the U.S. dollar, stabilizing its value and giving the Treasury the authority to enforce the amount of gold held by individuals for purposes of trade (Friedman, Schwartz, 1963)."

Tags:FDI, GDP, peso, dollar, exports, trade, IMF

Abstract
A good home is clearly a basic human need. This fact is clearly stated in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights adopted by the United Nations Organization (UNO) in 1948. This paper examines both the causes of the global hosing crises and its impact on the environment as well as on the health of the people. Also examined in this paper are the steps taken to address this global problem in various countries. Outline Introduction Causes of the Global Housing Crises Population Growth Urbanization Natural and Political Disasters Poverty and Economic Stagnation The Impact of the Global Housing Crises Poor Housing and Health Poor Housing and Environmental Pollution

From the Paper
"The economic situation in a country could also affect the state of housing in that country. In some countries, a lot of people are so poor that they could barely afford the basic necessities of life such as food and clothing. It is thus an uphill task for people under this category to afford descent living places. High interest rates and inflation push bank loan payments far out of reach of many families, and soaring utility costs make it difficult for people to get ahead. Unemployment rates as high as 20 per cent in some lands make it almost impossible to make ends meet. These and other factors has forced hundreds of millions in every corner of the earth to settle for substandard housing. People live in old buses, shipping containers, and cardboard boxes. "

Tags:urbanization, poverty, economic, stagnation, population

Abstract
The paper describes the London smog of 5-8 December, 1952 and the fire at Sandoz Ltd, Switzerland, during November, 1986 and the identification and management of these disasters. The paper reveals the consequences and lessons learned from these crises and shows how events like these often result in large-scale losses of either human life, assets or ecological harmony. The paper emphasizes that in terms of future crisis management, it is crucial to investigate such crises of the past and learn from our past mistakes.

Outline:
London Smog
The Fire at Sandoz Ltd.

From the Paper
"The world in which we live has become increasingly industrial, technological, and digital. As such, many hazards present themselves in terms of phenomena such as pollution and its effects. As a result, unforeseen events might occur that result in low-intensity crises. The way in which these are identified, monitored and managed can mean the difference between life and death, and also the difference between tens or thousands of injured persons. In terms of future crisis management, it is also crucial to investigate crises of the past. This will ensure that past mistakes will not be repeated, and that lessons will be implemented for future improvement of crisis management systems."

Tags:pollution, emissions, fumes, disasters

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the relationship between financial crises and the monetary policies enacted during them as a means of stimulating the economy and how these measures often lead to inflation in the long run if such policies are not supported by a sound and timely exit strategy.

From the Paper
"Whenever a financial crisis hits the U.S. economy, more specifically a recession, measures are taken to help bolster the economy like the Federal Reserve (Fed) lowering the prime interest lending rate. The Fed, due to a monetary funds policy shortfall, has expanded its balance sheet through unconventional policy tools. (Rudebusch) The theory behind such measures is that businesses will spend more on production or expansion and consumers will secure loans to spend on a variety of items; cars, houses, etc..."

Tags:Federal Reserve, interest rate, employment, Phillips Curve, deflation, productivity, outputs

Abstract
This paper examines how during 2003, Toronto's tourism and hospitality industry was significantly hampered by four major crises: An outbreak of SARS, West Nile Virus, Mad Cow disease and an electrical blackout. It discusses how although every individual within the Greater Toronto area (GTA) was affected in some manner, the tourism industry was the most radically influenced and how the cumulative onslaught of the aforementioned events drastically reduced the number of visitors to the once thriving metropolis and threatened the livelihood of the city. It details the issues encountered by Toronto's tourism industry during 2003 and the recovery methods that were instituted in order to endorse the city as an attractive tourism destination.

From the Paper
"In order to regain the trust of travelers, positive advertising campaigns were initiated through mass mediums to the general public to highlight the positive elements that Toronto had to offer. The majority of the campaigns launched throughout the city were aimed at promoting Toronto through two key marketing concepts. These included (1) product bundling - offering a complete package to consumers at a reduced rate, and (2) reduced pricing - discounts placed upon specific offerings of the tourism sector. These concepts were based upon a loss-leader marketing strategy, whereby a very low price is charged for a product or service to entice customers into subsequently purchasing higher cost items. Mirvish Productions initiated one of the first examples of product bundling."

Tags:blackout, mad, cow, sars, west, nile, virus

Abstract
This paper discusses the crises on the Korean Peninsula, focusing on the tension caused by North Korea as a result of its conducting a nuclear weapons program. The paper also illustrates the conditions that led to the critical condition on the Korean peninsula. This paper also highlights the reaction of countries, such as the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea towards North Korea's nuclear weapons development.

From the Paper
"While the United States worries about the deadly nuclear weapons created by North Korea, South Korea on the other hand is perturbed about North Korea's economic conditions and the possibility of troop demobilization on both sides of the Demilitarized Zone. North Korea posses the following problems to the international communities, namely its determination to follow its own path to development renders the society nearly impervious to foreign advice and assistance. The array of institutions and processes which have been available to most other developing countries has been largely rejected by Pyongyang."

Tags:asia, south, east, communism, nuclear, pyongyanh

Abstract
This paper analyzes three of Walt Whitman's poems and parallels them to various crises he experienced in his personal life. The poems analyzed are "When Lilacs Last in Dooryard Bloom'd;" "O Living Always, Always Dying"and "Calamus-Leaves."

From the Paper
"Walt Whitman was a revolutionary poet of his time in terms of the free-verse style of his poetry and the fundamental yet sensitive issues he chose to elaborate. Like all poets his works can be seen to evolve and mirror various facets of his character and experiences in life. Whitman's life was a rich mixture of traditional values and free-spirited ideas. His impassioned belief in democracy and nationalistic feeling were driving forces in his life. His love of nature and both the human body and spirit are depicted in his verse. (Kaplan 1980)"

Tags:free, verse, lilacs, dooryard, living, dying, calamus, leaves