Abstract
Using the original theory by criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland, developed in 1946, and further examination of his theories in Differential Transformation, we examine the idea that while some environment can cause criminal behavior, and some association with criminals can influendce a non-criminal, there are new crimes which have been "invented' which do not fit these theories.

From the Paper
DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMATION "Like father, like son" is not necessarily what Edwin H. Sutherland meant when he said "Criminal behavior is learned. Negatively, this means criminal behavior is not inherited" (Sutherland 1947 272). His principle that defines Differential Transformation is simply this: when conditions are ripe for criminal activities, they will occur. If they are not, chances are no criminal activity will happen. In other words, criminals tend to play the odds: when the odds are favorable, criminal activity is a Go. If they are not favorable, the criminal activity will be placed on Hold.

Tags:environment, crime is learned, white collar crime

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the actions of Kip Kinkle, the fifteen year old Springfield, Illinois high school student who killed his mother and father with a shotgun and then went to school and opened fire upon his classmates, killing two students in cold blood, and injuring twenty five innocent bystanders. The paper discusses the events as viewed through criminologist Travis Hirschi's social bond theory.

From the Paper
"According to Travis Hirschi, every social network holds the individual within its fabric with four types of social bonds. These promote positive and negative opportunities for socialization and positive and negative ways to feel that one is connected to, or conforms to a norm. Hirschi did not see conformity as essentially bad, because he believed that a certain sense of conformity was necessary for appropriate socialization of adolescents. Conformity was necessary to feel that one had a future within one's society, and a social investment in playing by the rules of society and respecting the rights of others."

Tags:conformity, responsibilities, adolescent, punishment

Abstract
This paper shows that a look at Aldous Huxley's novel "Brave New World" through the eyes of a criminologist reveals the relevance of such theories as Hersch's Social Bonding Theory, Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, and Merton's Theory of Anomie.

From the Paper
"The futuristic society envisaged by Aldous Huxley in Brave New World is a utilitarian sanctuary in which all social efforts have been coordinated to produce stability and harmony. In this world personal liberties are quashed in the name of empty pleasures and mindless sensory delights that in spite of their dehumanizing effects do nonetheless produce and perpetuate a gloss of happiness that sustains the citizenry. Genetically engineered and hypnopaedically conditioned to accept-even enjoy-one's station in life the typical citizen in Huxley's future is free in a critical sense ..."

Tags:aldous huxley, criminology, criminal behavior, social bonding theory, differential association theory, theories of anomie, brave new world

Abstract
The paper offers an overview of corporate crime and the unclear reasons behind these types of crimes. The paper first discusses the difficulties in prosecuting wealthy business people who wield enormous power over politicians. The paper then shows the need for both criminologists and sociologists to understand the motivations behind corporate crime and bring the perpetrators to justice.

From the Paper
"While there are people who feel that corporations are engaged in organized crime, this is really not the case, and organized crime and corporate crime are different entities. What they are and how they are treated, however, do have some similarities that are significant (Finney, 1982: 266). The purpose of this paper will be to talk about those similarities and differences to give a good understanding of corporate crime and to show how criminologists and sociologists explain and prevent them. This is important, because the prevention of these kinds of crimes as well as others has significance in today's fast-paced life where wrongdoings are sometimes easily covered up and too many people tend to look the other way when they are aware of something going on that should not be."

Tags:power, wealth, politicians, fraud, money, laundering

Abstract
The paper looks at different definitions of the term "deviance" by quoting different sociologists and discussing their views as to what is considered deviant behavior. The paper then discusses labeling theory which looks at the reaction of others to "deviant" behavior and the subsequent effects of such reactions. The paper also explores the different views of criminologists, psychologists, and sociologists as to the causes of deviant behavior.

From the Paper
"One sociologist, Erdwin Pfuhl, believes that the label "deviant" depends on a group's notion of actions and conditions that should and should not occur. This view also suggests that labels of deviance can change within different societies and times. One might ask why there are so many interpretations of deviance. The answer is rather simple. Due to its relative nature, people will interpret activities quite differently (Clinard, 1998)."

Tags:crime, behavior, society, rules, norms

Abstract
The paper discusses the theory that segregation of a neighborhood is a strong correlating factor determining the rate of crime in that area. Researching in a strong criminologist mindset, the paper touches on economic deprivation, the influence crime has on social change, social organization, adversity in black neighborhoods and police action in different segregated areas. The paper concludes that the higher the segregation in a neighborhood, the higher the rate of crimes and arrest.

Outline:
Economic Deprivation
Crime Influences Social Changes
Rising From the Ghetto
Social Organization
Adverse to Black Neighbors?
Police Action in Different Segregated Areas
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Subsequent research demonstrates that at any given point in time the racial composition of an individual suburban community or of a suburban region is a strong independent predictor of its level of violent crime" (Liska et al, 1998). As embarrassing as it may be, it is safe to say that segregation still exists in the United States. Minorities in America have been given many rights since the 1960's and 1970's and many eyes have been opened to embrace being blind to the color of a person's skin. Unfortunately much of the country is segregated, mainly whites from non-whites. How does this segregation affect crime? What is the correlation between crime and segregated and non-segregated neighborhoods?

Tags:sociology, race, economic, deprivation, ghetto, Blacks

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of synthesized theories to the study of criminality and how they work to help prevent crime and to help understand the criminal mind. It looks at how the need to understand criminals has been in the minds and hearts of criminologist and police officers for countless years and how extending this understanding to the minds of others will help neighborhood watch programs tremendously.

From the Paper
"Synthesized theories have been around in the field of criminology for quite some time. This is largely because they work well in helping criminologists discover some of the hidden reasons and causes behind crime. In order have a full understanding of synthesized theories, it is important to explain two things: the concept behind synthesized theories, and their importance to the study of criminology. Knowing these two things will help individuals determine characteristics that might make people into criminals."

Tags:strain, critical, pathways

Abstract
This paper explains that the penetration and "stopping power" of a bullet can be measured using the kinetic energy and Taylor Index equations. The paper reveals that wound ballistics is concerned with the motions and interactions of the projectile with tissue. The author believes that, through understanding of the physics behind bullet impacts and penetration, the criminologist more fully understands how different types of projectiles react when striking flesh or other resistant mediums and can lead to better a understanding of the whys and hows of a crime. Formulas included.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Physics behind the Bullet
Wound Ballistics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To get the bullet in a vital area you need penetration. As a rule of thumb, velocity times sectional density is equal to relative bullet penetration. This is valid for bullets of similar composition. In good hunting bullets, expansion is consistently in the neighborhood of double the diameter and we assume the bullet will retain its weight. If the bullet goes to pieces, losing weight and consequently its sectional density, you might as well forget about it. The heavier bullet has a higher sectional density and will maintain the higher sectional density when it has expanded to double its diameter. In addition, the heavier bullets tend to have lower velocity. At lower velocity the resistance and consequently crushing force on the bullet nose, is lower, so expansion is delayed. This is why heavy bullets have delayed expansion, and do not show the same tendency to blow up on the surface as light bullets even though they have identical impact energy. It is how a given bullet interacts with tissue that determines its lethality."

Tags:bullet, kinetic, wound, resistant, hunting

Abstract
The paper takes a realistic look at the history, nature and social issues associated with organized crime, with a strong focus on the book "Organized Crime," by author and criminologist Howard Abadinsky. The paper examines the media's role in stereotyping the Mafia image of organized crime.

From the Paper
"The nation's views on organized crime appear to be divided into two camps: First are the media and some law enforcement officials who assert that organized crime is exclusively controlled by the Italian Mafia. The other side consists primarily of academics, scholars and law enforcement officials who argue that organized crime is comprised of various groups; not a single, predominantly Italian, crime organization."

Tags:criminals, italian, mob, families, Sicily

Abstract
This paper details the extent of drug trafficking today and explains how it has major consequences on the entire country. The paper describes the various US policies on drugs and on drug trafficking and shows the weaknesses in them. The author continues by saying that international cooperation is necessary to really control offenders. The paper quotes the criminologist of the time Edwin Sutherland's theory 'Differential Association.' This theory states that criminal behavior is learned behavior and that it is generally learned through social interaction with others. The author explains that a drug abuser learns from his environment and thus by correcting the surroundings of an offender, the behaviour can be affected.

From the Paper
"The problem of drug trafficking in America today is indeed an enormous one, with severe repercussions and ramifications for the future of the entire country. When the retired General Barry McCaffrey, the Director of the White House's Office of drug Control Policy was on an official visit to Peru, Peru was in the midst of a long string of scandals that were having an adverse impact on the Peruvian administration. Facts and figures revealed that there had been discovered a shipment of about one hundred and seventy kilograms of the drug cocaine, on board the air force plane that Fujimori, the President of Peru normally used on his travels to and from his country. Soon afterwards, about forty-five kilograms of cocaine were again found on board a ship that belonged to the Peruvian navy, in Vancouver, in Canada. When accusations were flung at each other, it was eventually decided that it was the Peruvian Montesinos who had been protecting an entire drug clan, named 'Lopez Paredes' which was engaged in drug trafficking on a large scale. This organization was supposedly dismantled in the year 1995, but amazingly, in the middle of August, the accused individual, called Demetrio Chavez, also known to some as 'El Vaticano', revealed in a Court that he had in fact been paying the Peruvian Montesinos the sum of $ US 50,000 every month so that he would be protected from inquiry of all his various drug trafficking operations."

Tags:drugs, drug, trafficking, crime, offenders