Abstract
This paper presents an application of the criminological theories of Glueck, Shaw, Mckay, Cullen, and Marx to a real world criminological issue facing a police department. The paper concludes there are a variety of approaches to understanding the manifestations of crime.

From the Paper
"This paper will attempt to solve a real-world problem facing a police department by analyzing it through the spectrum of some of the seminal minds in the field of criminology. The problem that will be analyzed is as ..."

Tags:criminology, cullen, glueck, shaw, mckay, marx, theory

Abstract
This paper explains that the classical and positivist schools of criminological theory are significantly different in how they attempt to determine the cause of crime. The classical school focuses on the rational thought and free-will of an individual, whereas, the positivist school focuses upon biological factors. The paper suggests that research by biological theorists is drawing more attention to the possibility of underlying biological factors as an explanation for crime, which overshadows the rationale of the classical school that all crime is the result of free-will.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Classical School of Criminological Theory
Deterrence
Development of Positivist School
Positivist School and Biological Theories
Rehabilitation
Juveniles and Mental Health Illnesses
Theory Differences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Positivist School or Biological theories believe that deterrence by way of punishment is ineffective. The reasons cited is due to the very nature of the school's theory of that individuals who commit crime have an impaired ability against impulsivity as an example. Therefore, it is proposed that individuals be sent for rehabilitation rather than sentenced to prison. It is believed that these individuals can not receive such treatment in a correctional facility and thus upon released offenders that are left untreated, they will continue to offend."

Tags:biological, free-willed choice, bad laws, hormones juveniles

Abstract
This paper discusses the fact that existing laws jeopardize the lives of sex workers and explains social learning theories and feminist criminological theories that support the decriminalization of prostitution as a humanitarian undertaking. The author defines prostitution and suggests what feminists and human rights activists could lobby for in order to ensure that prostitutes have rights both as individual people and sex industry workers. The author concludes that if the sex industry was regulated and sex workers were provided with legal protection, safety, and health services, they might be enabled to rise above survival mode and escape from prostitution.

From the Paper
"Proponents of the legalization and decriminalization of prostitution state that prostitution reduces the sex worker to a commodity. However, if prostitution were decriminalized, legalized, and regulated, sex workers could escape the streets, have access to a safer working environment, gain ample access to health care services, and demand legal protection under the law. If nothing else (setting all rape issues aside) a person who forces sex without consent on a sex worker could be prosecuted for destruction of property and theft of merchandise--in the same way that muggers, thieves, and robbers are prosecuted. After all, whose property and merchandise is being referred to? Hers. A commodity perhaps, but still no less a human being."

Tags:outreach trauma behavior, child abuse, victim methodology radical feminism sexual

Abstract
This paper describes the writer's perspective of criminological theory. It focuses on why people commit crimes and why people act the way that they do. It then describes the variables that the writer would consider and the methodologies he would use in order to evaluate his theory. The paper concludes that there are many theories that can assist in determining the reasons why things happen and there will be many more theories that will either agree or disagree with previous theorists.

From the Paper
"Criminological theories in my perspective are theories from various individuals who have experience or education in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, science or biology. This is due to being able to read people behaviors and understand the mindset of why individuals would commit crimes. I believe everyone who had a theory studied and observed different cultures, communities, and family parenting to get the proof he or she needed to show that their theory has some merit. "Then others tested the theory and either added or improved the findings by using more sufficient information through their research. In other words, criminological theory is the study of criminal thinking and criminal behavior. If criminological and theory is broken down, it gives the definitions of theory is a speculation or abstract thought or contemplation, an ideal of or belief about something arrived through speculation, and a scientific principle to explain phenomena (Webster's New World, 2002). Criminological is the sociological study of crime, criminals and punishment of criminals (Webster's New World, 2002)."

Tags:methodologies, prejudices, environment, delinquent

Abstract
This paper consists of two sets of four papers that are responses to articles on criminology topics. All 8 papers follow the same format--a complete bibliographic citation followed by the article's purpose, basic sociological/criminological concepts addressed in the article, summary of the methodology/results/discussion, and a discussion of the implications.

From the Paper
"Schwalbe C.S., Macy R.J., Day S.H., Fraser M.W. "Classifying Offenders: An Application of Latent Class Analysis to Needs Assessment in Juvenile Justice, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice" Sage Publications. The purpose of this article is to detail a study of needs assessment instruments intended for use in the juvenile justice system for classifying youthful offenders. The study uses a structured needs assessment instrument to identify five scores-based risk profiles-low-need students, those with serious school..."

Tags:sociology, sociological, criminology, criminological, delinquent, delinquency, needs assessment, classification, youthful offenders, juvenile, youth, Joint Risk Matrix, social bond theory, strain theory, school, gang, violence, parents, twins, micro-envir

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that prostitution is the world's oldest profession and presently, flourishes worldwide. In ancient Greece and Rome, prostitution was a very important part of society, and in some case, prostitutes were required to be licensed and be listed on an official list of prostitutes. The writer discusses that obviously the attempts to prohibit prostitution have failed, as the profession has flourished whether legalized or criminalized, although there have always been outcries from members of society against its existence. Further, the writer points out that in locations that it has been outlawed, it has faded into the dangerous underground and continues to be performed nonetheless.

From the Paper
"In the field of criminology, prostitution is a public order crime in locations in which it is prohibited; a public order crime being defined as one in which it is not clear whether a victim or an offender even exist, or whether any harm has occurred."

Tags:crime, prostitution, legal

Abstract
The paper lists six theories that promote a viable explanation for the reasons that people commit crime. The paper discusses the variables that need to be considered in the analysis of crime that include the increased opportunities to commit crime today, the types of living environments criminals come from and whether or not the criminal is mentally incapacitated. Different methodologies that could be used to evaluate the causes of crime are also examined briefly.

Outline:
Why People Commit Crime
Variables
Increase in Opportunities
Living Environment Conditions
Crime and Mental Health Illness
Theory Methodologies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The study of human behavior is an extremely complex process. The process becomes even more complicated when attempting to study human behavior and its relationships as to why people commit crimes. Criminological theory is defined as, "an opportunity to analyze and critique the way others have looked at crime throughout history." (Williams and McShane, p. 1). The study of this relationship known as criminology began to receive recognition in the 1700's. Cesare Beccaria is considered one of the founders of criminology study based on the book by entitled, "On Crimes and Punishment." (Williams and McShane, p. 15). It began the Classical School of criminological theory and served for the basis of development of several other theories in the field."

Tags:human, behavior, opportunity, living, environments, mental, health

Abstract
This paper discusses a series of questions related to criminology or the study of criminology. It reviews some issues related to rational choice theory and developmental theory. Additionally, it also discusses the concept of conflict theory in relation to racial profiling and how critical criminology might explain certain aspects of society and cultural constraints.

From the Paper
"This document discusses a series of questions related to criminology or the study of criminology. It reviews some issues related to rational choice theory and developmental theory. It also discusses the concept of conflict theory in relation to racial profiling and how critical criminology might explain certain aspects of society and cultural constraints. Criminological Theory Question One The death penalty is a necessary component of the legal and justice..."

Tags:rational, choice, developmental

Abstract
This paper reviews four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime. The paper illustrates how each theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. The paper also takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakeable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.

Tags:criminology, theories, evolutionary

Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.

Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime

From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."

Tags:Lombroso, behavior, misconduct, social, factors