Abstract
This paper examines the cause of criminality as a political stance understood through the societal interpretation of individual behavior. It describes that Karl Marx viewed criminality as a political agenda. The paper argues for a more feminist and Marxist model of criminal justice, which would focus less on how to extirpate crime and more on how to achieve greater social harmony.

From the Paper
"Criminality has been sociologically defined as a form of behavior deviant from the normal and acceptable code in society. It is based on the premise that the action taken by an individual breaks the natural rights that are accorded to the person by birth and right. Yet, there is still controversy connected with the definition of criminality as philosophers and sociologists struggle to understand and create a universal understanding of criminality. Through various cultures and codes the concept of criminality differs and thus defies the definition of criminality as a whole. As we study the concept of criminality we can state that it is a political idea rather than an ethical form of behavior. An action considered unethical may not be criminal and by the same base an idea that is ethical may also be criminal depending on the culture and political base. In context of such a theory then, criminality can be understood using various sociological contexts. Here we will undertake to understand criminality through a feminist view compared with Karl Marx's theory."

Tags:crime, individual, society, criminal, justice, social, harmony

Abstract
This paper relates that there is a growing occurrence of criminal activity in the middle and lower societal levels linked to antisocial behavior as well as an increasing attitude of moral apathy among many Americans. The author then describes antisocial personality disorder (APD), its basic functions as stated by Emile Durkheim and its effect on criminality. The paper concludes that the rise in criminality as it relates to deviant behavior represents a very serious threat to American society and culture and to the very foundations of American democracy.

From the Paper
"Those who have been diagnosed by a psychiatrist as exhibiting Antisocial Personality Disorder "have a lifelong pattern of irresponsible behavior and show little concern for the rights of others, the norms of society, the dictates of conscience" and especially the law. Generally, problems linked to Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) begin in childhood or adolescence with disruptive trouble making, a clear disrespect for authority, violation of rules and laws dictated by society, the destruction of property and usually some type of violent behavior."

Tags:apathy, pattern, catharsis, gang, responsible

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the factors that influence one's IQ and the direct link between IQ and criminality and how various environmental and social issues can also play a role. It also discusses the various methodologies used to conduct the study of the relationship between IQ and criminality.

From the Paper
"Adoptee studies have provided the most striking evidence of gene-environment interaction with respect to antisocial behavior. Thus, in a Scandinavian adoptee study of petty criminality, found that just less than 3% of individuals without a criminal biological parent and without major risk experiences in the adoptive family showed petty criminality. The risk doubled when there was an environmental but not a genetic risk. It went up to 12% with genetic risk in the absence of environmental risk but soared to 40% when both types of risks were present. In other words, those individuals at genetic risk were most likely to be adversely affected by adversities in their adoptive family. It is important to note that, because the adoptee strategy is specifically designed to remove the overlap between genetic and environmental risk, the proportion of variation in the population accounted for by this interaction will necessarily be misleadingly low. That is because the proportion of variation in the population explained by the interaction reflects the proportion of individuals in the key cell (in this case, the subgroup with both genetic and environmental risks); for that reason, it provides a most unsatisfactory measure of the strength of the effects as they operate on individuals . (Rutter, 1997, p. 396)
One thing important to note is that above and throughout other studies done on the subject matter, there is not just a relationship made between IQ and criminality. There are other factors often indicated, i.e. environmental factors, societal factors, etc. So there is a necessity to understand that the lack of IQ often has its own determinants and factors, it just so happens that there is a correlation no matter how small between criminality and IQ. It is proven throughout that with lower IQ criminality does often more than less become a characteristic."

Tags:behavioral, geneticists, genes, delinquency, adoption

Abstract
This paper explores the connections between criminality and deviant behavior in individuals who commit crimes in the United States. The paper suggests that the rapid rise in crime in the US has much to do with the rise of deviant behavior, which is also known as antisocial personality disorder. The paper discusses the psychology of antisocial personality disorder.

From the Paper
"As previously mentioned, the rise in criminality as it relates to deviant behavior represents a very serious threat to American society and culture and to the very foundations of American democracy. According to Peter J. Loudson, the actual number of rapes, robberies, armed assaults, burglaries and other violent forms of crime experienced by Americans in 1993 totaled 43,622,006; between 1985 and 1993, the murder rate increased by 65% among men eighteen to twenty-four years of age and climbed an astonishing 165% among male children between fourteen and seventeen years of age (2001, 139). In 1992, there were more than 6 million violent crimes committed by these two groups of males, predominantly by those in the former group. However, less than half of these violent crimes were reported to law enforcement officials and only about 170,000 of the perpetrators of these crimes were ever convicted and sent to prison (Loudson, 2001, 140)."

Tags:APD, behavior, aggression, crime

Abstract
The paper discusses how in our society, the interpretation of what is criminal is left up to the justice system, as the laws in place determine what is defined as criminal. The paper then looks at how deviant behavior may or may not be criminal in nature. Nonetheless, the paper shows how the temporal relationship to both behaviors cannot be denied.

From the Paper
"In our society, the interpretation of what is criminal is left up to the justice system, as the laws in place determine what is defined as criminal. Deviant behavior, however, may or may not be criminal in nature. Nonetheless, the temporal relationship to both behaviors cannot be denied."

Tags:deviant, criminal, behavior

Abstract
Women have been known to commit crimes for hundreds of years. This paper looks at the crimes women committed in the late 1700s and early 1800s, especially during the rise of the Eastern State Penitentiary and Auburn Prison, and society's reaction to their crimes and reform.

From the Paper
"Women during this time were considered to be their husband's property, and basically did not have any rights. Her husband was allowed to punish her; however, the law dictated the severity of the punishment. "A stick could be used to whip her, but it could not be larger than the thickness of a finger, while there was no limit to the length of the stick. No man was permitted to kill or permanently cripple her (everettarea.org/tales/v06/v06c04.htm)."
This treatment caused some wives to live their husbands and disappear, prompting the husband to "place an advertisement or notice in the local newspaper notifying the public of his wife leaving his bed and board and that a person or persons harboring her would be liable for prosecution (everettarea.org/tales/v06/v06c04.htm)." The husband in some instances would offer a reward for the return of his wife."

Tags:prison, crime, auburn, eastern, state, penitentiary

Abstract
This paper researches the processes and structures of law in the United Arab Emirates State, while considering the universal laws passed by the European Union of the United Nations. It further examines the measure to which the Emirates states are conforming to the ruling law of the World Court and what areas that are not in non-compliance in if any. This study investigates any ties that criminality has to nationality in the United Arab Emirates State.

Outline
Part One
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Part Two
I. Discrimination
II. Prison Conditions in the United Arab Emirates
Part Three
III. Criminality and Transnational Ramifications
Part Four
IV. The Universal Declarations
V. What the Committee Does to Provide Assistance
VI. Juveniles and Drugs
VII. The Determinate of What is Public and What is Private?
VIII .Minorities are Labeled "Gender Outlaws"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The United Arab Emirates has much farther to travel and many a sea full of issues to transverse across before a cognitive and fully functioning societal base can be realized. The overbearing male superiority will not advance this society in the Gulf region but will only tend to lead them to a place of societal isolation from a world fully implemented into the globalization of all nationalities."

Tags:gulf, universal, declaration, law, juvenile, drug, prison

Abstract
This paper examines the media's role in social construction of a criminal stereotype/category, in the example of Tamil gang activity in central Toronto. This paper reports that notions of criminality and psychological upset, on account of the war in Sri Lanka, and alleged connection to the Tamil Tiger movement in Sri Lanka have created a new variety of the glamorous terrorist who lurks among us.

From the Paper
"Schissel and Brooks explain the public and social construction of crime and criminality. (2004) When examining assertions of criminality in Toronto's Sri Lankan Tamil community one is reminded of Michael Parenti's study, Inventing Reality, with regard to images of Tamil youth criminality that have been encouraged by the central Canadian print media. (1993) The Greater Toronto Area's very large Sri Lankan Tamil community began to take form in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, one finds that ignorance and media representations of the violent, gang-involved Tamil have created a situation in which other Canadians know practically nothing else about the community."

Tags:social, tamil, media

Abstract
The author of this essay argues that the poem "This is Just to Say" seems simplistic on a first reading. The author further contends that on the contrary, with some leaps and bounds of the imagination, the reader can extract many criminal like ideas from within the text. He describes this poem encapsulating an apologetic theme, in which its verses are wrapped in many elements associated with William Carlos William's criminality.

From the Paper
"It is true that many critics over the last hundred years have theorized and disputed the ambiguities associated with the works of William Carlos Williams. On the surface, "This Is Just To Say", one of Williams' most famous works, is a simple confession of wrong doing: the poet has eaten someone else's plums. As Peter Brooks has observed, Williams' poem is deeply concerned with questions of justice and criminality. Although the poet "confesses", however insincere, and illustrates several aspects of guilt; the demeanor in which the confession is delivered resists an element of closure. In short, Williams' poem "This Is Just To Say" is hardly case closed.
With an extremely innovative and unprecedented critical analysis of this simple apology, an onslaught of criminalistic elements can be withdrawn:
This Is Just To Say
I have eaten
the plums
that were in
the icebox
and which
you were probably
saving
for breakfast
Forgive me
they were delicious
so sweet
and so cold
-1934 by William Carlos Williams

First time through this work, readers are often puzzled by the poem's simplicity. Many readers have a tough time grasping the fact that this poem, plainly read, is about somebody unsympathetically apologizing to another person for eating his/her plums. On the contrary, with some leaps and bounds of the imagination, one can extract many criminal like ideas from within the text. As previously stated, this poem encapsulates an apologetic theme; in which its verses are wrapped in many elements associated with author's criminality. As Brooks shows, Paul de Man's analysis of the circularity of confession reverses the cause/effect relationship usually associated with confession. According to de Man, it is not guilt that leads to confession, but confession that "creates the guilt that the act of confessing requires" ( Brooks 156)."

Tags:barkan, brooks, carlos, confession, peter, poem, poetry, steven, william

Abstract
This paper investigates a few theories which together make up a new theory explaining criminality. This synthesized theory makes statements such as that behaviors and personalities are inherited and that a person should just accept it. The author illustrates how the importance lies in the combination of all the theories taught previously.

From the Paper
"The second part of the nature vs. nurture theory suggests that behaviors and personality traits are nurtured, or encouraged through a series of events whether good or bad. The second element of the "synthesized theory" says that when those two theories are combined with a new theory, such as studying generations of criminals, we have an entirely different approach to dealing with crime. This new "synthesized theory" can be named "generational studies" for the purpose of discussion."

Tags:crime, behavior, theory, biological, physical, generation, personality