Abstract
This paper studies the life of Beccaria and his theories on criminal behavior and justice. It analyzes his work, "Essay On Crimes and Punishments," and it's influence in criminal justice systems throughout the world. The paper looks at how Beccaria viewed the criminal and the crime and its overall effect (damage) to society.

From the paper:

"This paper examines the contributions of Beccaria in the context of his own time, the lasting effect that they have had on the jurisprudential and penological systems of the modern Western world. After a general introduction to Beccaria's ideas and his model of crime, this paper looks at the results of three contemporary studies that incorporate the ideas and models of Beccaria. This examination of current research will allow us to evaluate the ways in which Beccaria's idea, born in such a different historical context, may still guide us in attempting to guide us in creating ever more just, more fair and more effective means of punishing criminals and allowing all of society (including criminals, victims, and the rest of us) to prosper."

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Beccaria's Life and Times and Theoretical Underpinnings
3. Beccaria's Classical Theory of Crime
4. Three Modern Studies
5. Conclusion

Tags:punishment, jail, courts, law

Abstract
This paper begins by addressing the question of whether a B.A. degree should be a prerequisite for promotion in the criminal justice field (law enforcement). It then examines the advantages vs. disadvantages of distance learning in law enforcement. The paper then moves to the sensitive issue of racial profiling in the criminal justice field, as opposed to the civilian world. The writer concludes with a discussion workplace motivation in a law enforcement agency.

From the Paper
"Many would argue that practical learning and field experience is more valuable and practical than a baccalaureate degree in any field for a promotion. The reasoning behind this relates to the idea that practical experience is by far more valuable than classroom experience. Research proves that many a CEO and President of a company or law enforcement agency in fact gained the majority of their experience from on the job training or life experience, not a classroom environment. However, what of a Baccalaureate Degree? Do such candidates truly have an advantage over others in any field?"

Tags:law, enforcement, distance, learning, racial, profiling

Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.

Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities

From the Paper
"In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."

Tags:jail, inmates, racial, ethnic, minorities, hispanic, prison, probation, parole, non-white

Abstract
This paper explains that, because of overwhelming public demand, changes in criminal justice policy in the past two decades made "collateral sanctions" for convicted felonies much harsher. The author points out that a person can pay his or her debt and still have seemingly eternal and certainly extensive "collateral consequences" such as loss of voting rights and even deportation. The paper relates that public opinion surveys recently have shown that more than 80% of Americans believe ex-offenders should regain their right to vote.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Various Restoration Methods
Concern about Re-Entry Issues in General
Effect on Parental Rights and Family Life
Issues Surrounding Voting Rights of Felons
Issues Surrounding Employment
The Right to Own and Bear Arms
Deportation as a Collateral Consequence of Felony Conviction
Possibilities for Correction
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is uncertainty even regarding at what point a person is considered to have been convicted. Is the person 'convicted" when a guilty plea or finding of guilt is entered for triggering a disability? Or, on the other hand, is he or she not convicted until a sentence is imposed, or perhaps not until after an appeal has been concluded and denied? In some states, the person is not considered to have been convicted if a plea of nolo contendere (no contest) is entered; in other states, that is the same as a conviction. Moreover, within the states in question, laws may not address these issues specifically, allowing for other areas of interpretation ."

Tags:collateral, sanctions, law, license, parent-child

Abstract
This paper discusses how the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have caused numerous changes in criminal policies. It examines three of those effects the expanded powers of the President and Attorney General, new policies that could affect local policing and concerns about infringements on civil rights and liberties. It looks at how these policies have relaxed the restrictions on federal and law-enforcement authorities, giving them greater latitude in activities like search and seizure, eavesdropping and the detention of suspected criminals. It also shows how civil rights groups have also expressed concern that such measures are unconstitutional.

From the Paper
"On the downside, some cities have seen an increase in crime rates as a direct result of the terrorist attacks. Generally, the extent of law enforcement authority varies with the nature and size of the criminal environment faced by the police. The terrorist attacks have greatly raised demands on law enforcement in New York and Washington, DC. In other places, police manpower has been diverted towards activities relating to homeland security. These include guarding public events and places as well as responding to reports of possible terrorist threats. As a result of this drain, some cities have seen a corresponding increase in theft and homicide (Stuntz)."

Tags:9/11, law-enforcement, criminal, policies, president

Abstract
This work reviews several different sources to gain an understanding in facts of the nature of the justice system and considers the fact that justice often is most afforded to those with political, social or financial standing in the community and those who are not of a minority race.
In this paper, the writer researches and examines one Internet news article, 2 books or other forms of literature and one first person narration in order to explain how race, social class and political involvement can be influenced to staying out of trouble in general and to show that money is a major influence along with any other information explaining that the justice system is tainted with racism toward color except towards that of the color of money.

Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Native American Youth
African-American, White and Latino Youth
Summary and Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"People have claimed many times and over many years in time that the justice system is tainted with racism and furthermore that with the correct political connections and influences that an individual can stay out of trouble and particularly this is claimed to be true if the individual also has money to back them. The high-profile trial of O.J. Simpson is one example of this problem in the justice system. Practically all of the United States witnessed the highway chase that took place when police officers attempted to arrest Simpson, and yet, in a nationally televised trial the celebrity was found to be not guilty. If Simpson had been a poor black man from the ghetto accused of killing his white wife then he most assuredly would have been found guilty and sentenced to either life in prison without possibility of parole or indeed sentenced to death by electrocution. However, Simpson had fame and he had money and all of that combined with his many connections both socially and politically made all the difference in how the justice system treated him."

Tags:race, court, detention, discrimination

Abstract
This paper examines the way that African-American women are often victims of violence and abuse by law officers. It discusses the state of women in prisons, in general, and African-American women, in particular, stating how over-crowded the prisons are.

From the Paper
"First, it would be well to recognize that women make up a very small percentage of the U.S. prison population. At the end of 1988, there were 32,691 women in state and federal prisons. That figure represented a 244 percent increase, however, in just eight years. Imprisonment of men had risen by only 188 percent during the same period. According to government statistics, the number of women prisoners has mushroomed from 13,420 in just 8 years, a 244% increase, compared to a 188% increase of for men. And yet, that position can be substantiated, especially on two bases."

Tags:prisoner, racism, abuse

Abstract
The paper argues that the CJA 2003 has produced to some extent a fair sentencing guideline, but that it has not promoted fairness as fully as it could have. The paper discusses how the CJA 2003 tried to correct the faults of the previous CJA 1991 but the CJA 2003 has also led to complications and disputes between the judiciary and legislature, causing an abandonment of tangible guidelines generally considered necessary to providing a fairer approach to sentencing.

Outline:
Introduction
The Evolution of the Fairness Notion: CJA 1991 and CJA 2003
Fairness to the Offender
Fairness to the Victim
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is a wide ranging Act of Parliament introduced to modernise many areas of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The role of sentencing is to ensure the safety of the community, help rehabilitate offenders to prevent them re-offending and reserve imprisonment for a limited range of serious, dangerous and persistent offenders. The goals of the CJA 2003 were to improve case management and reduce the scope for abusing the system by ensuring a more consistent sentencing procedure which reserves prison for the most serious offenders. It has its genesis in several reports and consultations including the Home Office White Paper Justice for All; Sir Robin Auld's Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales and John Halliday's Making Punishment Work which is a report of a review of the sentencing framework of England and Wales. Other recommendations of the Criminal Courts Review relating to court procedures were implemented in the Courts Act 2003.The underlying aims of the Act were to introduce reforms in two main areas: improved case management and a reduction in scope for abuse of the system."

Tags:judiciary, legislature, guidelines, discretion, conviction, retribution, proportionality

Abstract
This paper examines how gender affects an inmate's prison experience and looks at different reasons why women are incarcerated and their different needs in prison. The paper evaluates the programs addressing women's needs, especially those who are pregnant in jail, and makes recommendations to make prison policy more responsive to the rehabilitative needs of its female inmates.

From the Paper
"The differences between male and female inmates starts before imprisonment. For many women inmates, the seeds are sown in childhood, as a significantly larger percentage of women than men report being sexually, mentally or emotionally abused while they were growing up. Various studies of female prison inmates consistently find high rates of abuse suffered during childhood and as adults."

Tags:felonies, violence, facilities, penalties, recidivism

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of ethics in criminal justice by examining two real life events: the Duke rape case and the ethical misconduct of New Jersey's Attorney General, both of which involved serious ethical compromises.

From the Paper
"Sanford Levinson in his analysis of the relationship of the law to ethics argued that it is important to recognize that there are two main groups of ethics that apply in the legal arena. Drawing on ideas advanced by Max Weber Levinson distinguishes between the heroic ethic which imposes on men demands of principle to which they are generally not able to do justice except at certain peak moments in their lives but which serve as sign posts guiding man as he ..."

Tags:ethics, criminal justice, Duke rape case, New Jersey Attorney General, Kantian ethics