Abstract
The paper looks at Section 718.2 (e) of the Criminal Code of Canada, part of the relatively recent overhaul of the Code in order to reflect changing societal conditions. The paper discusses how this particular section of the Code has come under fire for having the potential power to impact the way Aboriginal peoples are sentenced. The paper explains how this amendment was suggested as a way to address the problem of overrepresentation of Aboriginals in Canadian penal institutions.

From the Paper
"Section 718.2 (e) of the Criminal Code of Canada is part of relatively recent (as of the present century) overhaul of the Code in order to reflect changing societal conditions. This particular section of the Code has come under fire for having the potential power to impact the way Aboriginal peoples are sentenced. Section 718.2 (e) dictates that "A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles: (e) all available sanctions other than imprisonment that are reasonable in the circumstances should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of aboriginal offenders..."

Tags:criminal, justice, canada

Abstract
The essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of Section 718.2 (e) of the Criminal Code of Canada. Some critics view it as an adequate option for sentencing criminals whereas others believe it directs the Western legal system away from adequate reform. The paper concludes that the code reflects the liberal character of the Canadian justice system.

Outline:
Introduction
Section 718.2 (e): Point/Counterpoint
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The arguments for Section 718.2 (e) most closely resemble Canadian legislative ideals. The point that Section 718.2 (e) only offers judges the option of employing sanctions other than confinement upon sentencing is demonstrative of the liberality of choice that is part of the Canadian justice system. The argument that Section 718.2 (e) is part of a general effort to represent enlightenment and a real effort to address the problem of Aboriginal overrepresentation in correctional institutes is one which is also particularly relevant to Canadian legal thinking."

Tags:Canadian justice system, criminal code, Canadian minorities

Abstract
This paper shows how both the United States and Singapore derived their criminal justice system from the British system, though the U.S. system has diverged considerably while the system in Singapore remains deeply rooted in the British forms. The writer explains however that today, the immediate source for the criminal justice system in each country differs in that American law is constitutional, while criminal law in Singapore is entirely statutory and based on an adopted Criminal Code. It looks at how common law is a feature of both systems, standing as the accepted customs of many legal systems.

From the Paper
"American citizens derive their rights from the Constitution and particularly from the Bill of Rights. These ten articles were influenced largely by George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, with much of the final language based on Mason's "Declaration of Rights" for Virginia's Constitution of 1776. There were originally twelve, but two were eliminated as the final ten were adopted in 1791 (Hall, 1992, 70-71). Article VIII states: "Excessive bail shall not lie required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." These simple words have engendered reams of interpretation, for the Constitution does not say what constitutes either cruel or unusual punishment or how to make such a determination. Other provisions have similarly been argued throughout our history, and judicial determinations up to and including the supreme Court form a body of case law on which the police, prosecutors, and courts rely."

Tags:british, constitution, legal, court, supreme

Abstract
This paper compares the criminal codes of the states of Texas and Washington with regard to certain subjects. The first part discusses the laws relating to controlled substances. The second part looks at some criminal aspects of intoxication, particularly with regard to driving under the influence. The third part examines the laws concerning the possession of firearms by felons and aliens.

From the Paper
"Texas has divided controlled substances into four Penalty Groups (Health and Safety, 481.102 - 481.105) The substances in Penalty Group 1 carry the heaviest penalties; those in Groups 3 and 4 carry the lightest penalties. The penalties themselves vary with the amount of the controlled substance found in the defendant's possession and the intent of the defendant (to manufacture and/or deliver or simply to possess). For example, an offense involving the manufacture or delivery of less than one gram of a Penalty Group 1 substance is a state jail felony; if the offense involves the manufacture or delivery of more than 400 grams, the offense is punishable by 15 years to life in prison ( 481.112)."

Tags:drug, felon, criminal

Abstract
In this article, the writer compares a personal code of ethics with the professional code of ethics in criminal justice. The writer delineates the elements of ethical behavior that are most valued by the writer along with the ethical system from which these constructs are drawn.

From the Paper
"As an individual determined upon a career in the field of criminal investigation working at the local state or federal level at some point in the foreseeable if not immediate future I have given a great deal of thought to the normative ethical system that will guide my career. In this essay I will delineate the elements of ethical behavior that I value most along with the ethical system from which I draw these constructs. I will discuss the ..."

Tags:criminal investigation, ethics

Abstract
The paper provides a description of the job of a criminal investigator including tasks, skills and abilities. The paper includes an overview of a typical day for professionals in the field, as well as an analysis of the Code of Ethics used in the field.

From the Paper
"This report presents a job description for a criminal investigator working for a public law enforcement agency, such as a local police department. It also examines a typical day in the life of these professionals within the criminal justice system. Finally, a description of the general tenets of the Code of Ethics for this profession will be provided.
"The specific tasks undertaken by criminal investigators include determining the scope, timing and direction of investigations, developing relationships with informants..."

Tags:criminal investigator. job description, code of ethics

Abstract
This paper discusses the applications of criminal law. The paper explains basic concepts associated with criminal law, such as the voluntary act and mental state. With this knowledge, the paper examines how theft offenses are dealt with under criminal law. Several examples are provided.
Outline
Introduction
The Voluntary Act
The Mental State
Non-MPC States of Mind
Strict Liability
Causation
Social Harm
Applied Knowledge
Trespassory Taking and Carrying Away of Property
Intent to Permanently Deprive

From the Paper
"Every country regardless of its size and location has some form of criminal law existing. This law helps the country define punishable offenses and includes country's stand of such concepts as self-defense, necessity, insanity, negligence, and complicity. Criminal law is clearly written law in other words, it is a codified law. In the United States this codified law is known as the Model Penal Code which has helped in recent reforms of criminal codes in many major states. But laws in one state may not be similar to laws in another and this applies to criminal law as well. For example even though the Model Penal Code is followed by all states to shape their criminal law, the local version of law in one state is quite different from the same in another. This means that no two states in the country has similar criminal law. "

Tags:theft, penal, code

Abstract
This paper is a study and commentary of criminal justice policies in the United States. It discusses the basis of the American system of criminal justice and the state and local methods of dispensing justice. The paper contends that U.S. contemporary policies concerning crime and punishment are some of the most draconian in any Western nation and the harshest in American history. Also mentioned is the fact that, although the U.S. does not have the highest crime rate or highest violent crime rate of Western countries, it has some of the highest rates and lengths of incarceration.

From the Paper
"Contemporary policies concerning crime and punishment are not only among the most draconian among wealthy nations, they are also the harshest in American history. No other Western country continues use the death penalty except the United States: 3300 prisoners were on death row in 1997 and more people were executed--76--than in any year since 1955. Capital punishment has been abolished by all the big democracies except the United States, Japan and India. Additionally, many emerging democracies in Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America have also abandoned it. Capital punishment in the United States is derided by critics in Europe for being antediluvian and barbaric."

Tags:prison, terms, sentences, offenders, behind, bars, death, penalty, capital, punishment, retribution, hammurabi, code

Abstract
The writer describes his personal code of conduct and compares it to the professional criminal justice codes of ethics. The writer highlights how his code of ethics is, in certain aspects, superior to professional codes of conduct. The writer believes that his personal code of ethics is an adequate guide to sustain him throughout his career in criminal justice.

Outline:
Introduction
Description of Personal Code of Ethics
Personal Code of Ethics vs. Professional Standards
Conclusion: Ethical Dilemmas & Code Usefulness

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of my personal criminal justice code of ethics and to compare it to the ethics standards currently existing in the field. My personal code of conduct is constructed largely within the framework of ethical formalism; however, it also involves certain elements of ethics of care. When compared with the professional criminal justice codes of ethics, my code not only encompasses all of the tenets of these codes but arguably extends beyond them. This is due to the fact that my code is not situation-specific but prescribes general rules of conduct applicable to a wide variety of situations. The advantages of my personal ethics code become especially pronounced when it is compared to the professional codes of ethics established for the profession of correctional officers. Therefore, my personal code of conduct clearly establishes adequate rules for achieving and maintaining ethically correct behavior throughout a future career in criminal justice."

Tags:conduct, behavior, integrity

Abstract
In this paper, the writer compares his own personal standards to the professional code of ethics of a narcotic investigator. The writer then describes the ethical dilemmas and specific challenges that arise in this position. The writer concludes that he needs to adhere to the fundamental guidelines of the professional standards for criminal justice professionals as well as his own code of ethics.

Outline:
A Comparison of the Criminal Justice Code of Ethics With My Own Personal Code of Ethics
Specific Challenges as a Narcotic Investigator
Professional Code Protecting an Investigation Vs the Protection of Individuals in Drug-Related Episodes
The Professional Code of Collecting Evidence Vs Protecting Crime Victims From Psychological Harm
The Ethical Code of Protecting Investigations Vs Protecting Identity and Prohibiting Illegal Drug Activity
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As a narcotic investigator, my professional code of ethics requires that one of my fundamental obligations is to protect the people whom I have been sworn to serve. My personal code of ethics requires that I protect the welfare of not only the general public, but also informants, criminal subjects, and myself from any harmful drug activity or episode.
"The professional standards of a narcotic investigator maintain that I accept responsibility while on or off duty to not bring any professional dishonor to law enforcement professionals. During an investigation, in order to secure confidence with drug dealers, I and/or my informants may be surrounded with drug activity whereby my personal code of ethics would dictate that no involvement in drug activity should take place even if it would benefit the gathering of evidence for the investigation."

Tags:evidence, identity, investigation, confidentiality, professionalism