Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.

Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense
Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."

Tags:Defenses, criminal, liability

Abstract
Three authors provide differing perspectives on the causes of criminal behavior. The three share similar definitions of criminal behavior as aggression. These definitions inform their views on its cause. The authors agree that criminal agression is a learned behavior vs. an inborn trait or biologically determined characteristic. They disagree on how this learnng takes place and the implications of this debate.

From the Paper
Theoretical Perspectives of Criminal Behavior: Three Views Carlton Scott, Heather Bond and Mitchell Roy present three theoretical perspectives on criminal behavior. The authors differ in their definition of criminal behavior and as a result in their views on prevention, incarceration and rehabilitation. All three, however, discuss similar perspectives on central causes of criminal behavior. While with differing degrees of certainty all three authors discuss the primary issue as one of nurture vs. nature. All three see the central debate as whether aggressive criminal behavior is inborn, innate or what Carlton Scott refers to as "biologically" or "environmentally" based or if it is learned. For

Tags:rehabilitation, criminal, behaviorism

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth explanation of the differences between international criminal justice and comparative criminal justice. The paper gives salient examples of the differences in the approach of both systems, with an emphasis on crime versus the improvement of criminal justice systems across boundaries.

From the Paper
"The criminal justice system consists of those agencies, courts tribunals, and so forth that deal with criminal law and its enforcement in the various countries of the world. (Barak) Criminal justice systems can be studied in a variety of ways. The purpose of this paper is to look at the differences in two approaches to criminal justice systems, namely the comparative criminal justice approach and the international criminal justice approach. According to Terrill the field of comparative criminal justice and law..."

Tags:comparative criminal justice, international

Abstract
This document offers a brief introduction to the U.S. legal structure and how the criminal courts and drug courts are situated within it. The writer discusses that criminal courts are recognized as the broader legal apparatus and the drug court structure to be a recognized component within the criminal court since all accused and defendants are first processed through standard criminal proceedings. The differences in how the criminal and drug courts treat defendants are discussed and the application of justice with leniency and treatment is observed to be one of the central reasons for the broad success of drug courts in reducing recidivism.

Tags:criminal, legal, law

Abstract
The paper discusses how the criminal investigation is a many-faceted process that involves many different people, from the defendant to the district attorney, and the fundamentals of the criminal investigation vary according to the stakeholder's specific role in the larger process. The paper presents an interview with a private investigator, who asked to remain anonymous, that provides a glimpse into the defendant's side of a criminal investigation, and illustrates how investigations are not open-and-shut factual inquiries but rather ambiguous and disputed events. The paper notes that Becker (2005, p. 3) puts it, any criminal investigation is committed not only to building a case but also to "disregarding the pieces that do not fit." The paper shows how as the interview demonstrates, this makes certain investigations highly subjective.

From the Paper
"This paper consists of an interview with a private investigator who offers a perspective into the fundamentals of the criminal investigation. Fundamentals of the Criminal Investigation: A Private Investigator's Perspective: The criminal investigation is a many-faceted process that involves many different people, from the defendant to the district attorney. The fundamentals of the criminal investigation vary according to the stakeholder's specific role in the larger process. The following interview with a private investigator, who asked to remain anonymous, provides a..."

Tags:criminal, investigation, interview

Abstract
This paper explores Stanton E. Samenow's book 'Inside the Criminal Mind' and outlines the general strength of his argument as well as the surprising parallel between his doctrine of personal accountability and traditional Christian ethics. The paper notes Dr. Samenow's disdain for sociological explanations for criminality and also records some of the views of David Powlison, a Christian scholar whose work shares some of the same general conceits as Dr. Samenow.

From the Paper
"One of the great mysteries of criminal psychology over the generations has been what precisely it is that motivates seemingly intelligent and - on the surface, at least - well-balanced individuals to commit illegal acts. For many years, it has been thought that social factors created criminals - or at least a great many of them. However, since the 1990s, Stanton E. Samenow has argued publicly that social factors really have nothing at all to do with criminal behavior; rather, people do wrong because their peculiar world-view privileges wrong-doing. The following paper will review Samenow's theory and argue that his work offers a compelling justification for such a view. "

Tags:criminal, causality, samenow

Abstract
The paper proposes the perfect criminal justice system, one that focuses on networking and collaboration among policing agencies, communities, legal representatives and those accused of or prosecuted for criminal activity. The paper states that the perfect criminal justice system will also concentrate on rehabilitative measures for criminals incarcerated younger than age 40, as research suggests that individuals receiving counseling are less likely to become repeat offenders than those who are simply punished and then released. The paper concludes that the perfect system is not a system that focuses on hostility or punishment for non-malevolent crimes; rather one where communities actively collaborate with legal authorities to build better communities and social networks.

Outline:
Introduction
The System Theory
Reform and Community Collaboration in the Perfect System
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The perfect criminal justice system begins with theory. The theories underlying the perfect system should rely on positive reinforcement and authentic repentance and reform among criminals (Goold, 2004). This system is modeled somewhat after the idealized Japanese policy system, where the policeman encourages during the initial point of contact, or interrogation, the offender to fell "tearful relief" as like "a child when confession of wrongdoing to his parents results in a gentle laugh and warm hug" (Goold, 2004, p.14). Typically the American criminal justice system has focused on retaliation and retribution; this opposes the system introduced here, where policemen should focus on being known for warm, supportive yet just and effective care, not simple strictness (Johnson, 2003) which is more likely to lead to less reform and increasing crime."

Tags:criminal, justice, system, integrity, law

Abstract
This paper explains that an interesting but not surprising theme of this debate is that most advocates of an international criminal court tend to be from smaller and less powerful countries. The author points out that most opponents of an international criminal court tend to be from powerful, wealthy, industrialized countries. The paper relates that some of the main argument in favor of an international criminal court are its empower of weaker countries and their citizens and the reduce global tensions.

From the Paper
"In analyzing whether the world needs an international criminal court, it is evident that a number of arguments have been made both for and against such a court. The first main pro argument in favor of an international criminal court is that it would empower weaker countries and their citizens by providing them with the means through the ICC to redress grievances against powerful countries or their citizens. The second main pro argument is that the establishment of an ICC would reduce global tensions through the empowerment it provided weaker states and their citizens."

Tags:international, criminal, court

Abstract
This paper explores the criminal justice system in Argentina. It looks at the historical development of the criminal justice system and examines the series of transformations of the criminal justice system over the decades, resulting in corruption, military uprisings, injustice and a culture of impunity. The paper looks at the junta and human rights oppression and violence.

From the Paper
"The criminal justice system in Argentina like Argentina itself has endured a series of transformations overhauls purges and coups. At present it is impossible to evaluate Argentina's criminal justice system without simultaneously plumbing the murky depths of ..."

Tags:criminal justice, argentina, junta, dictatorship, due process

Abstract
This paper examines the use of criminal law for purposes of social engineering. The point is made that criminal law can be used as a tool for social engineering via its prohibitions and the punishments, and can operate to instill virtues. It notes that there are serious ethical and moral concerns associated with this use of the criminal law.

From the Paper
"Social engineering is commonly defined as the use of private and or governmental functions and operations to manage population attitudes and behavior on a large scale..."

Tags:criminal, law, social, engineering