Abstract
This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legal crimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legal crimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.

Outline:
Introduction
Natural Crimes
Legal Crimes
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "

Tags:crime, victims, morality, punishment, natural, crimes, legal, crimes

Abstract
This paper looks at the distinction between natural crimes, also known as mala per se crimes, and legal crimes, also known as mala prohibita crimes. It looks at the FBI crime index and assesses whether these crimes are mala per se or mala prohibita.

From the Paper
T"here are two major types of crimes natural crimes and legal crimes which are now referred to as mala per se crimes and mala prohibita crimes respectively. Crime A crime is defined by law as an act ..."

Tags:natural crimes, legal crimes

Abstract
This fifteen page undergraduate paper examines war crimes and crimes against humanity, which are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. The writer notes that tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Further, the writer points out that just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice. In order to analyze why this is the case and assess what this demonstrates about the nature of international governance, the writer explains that it is necessary to acknowledge the inherent conflict between international law and state sovereignty, for independent laws and policies often prevent effective prosecution.

From the Paper
"War crimes and crimes against humanity are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. Tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice."

Tags:war, crimes, issues

Abstract
The paper asserts that if one takes a moment or two to run a quick internet search, one will find literally thousands of articles talking about hate crimes in Russia; the country, which is wracked by economic and demographic problems, is developing a reputation as a haven for white supremacists and for racial animus. The paper illustrates how hate crimes impact individual people and foreign communities living within Russia. As becomes clear, hate crimes create a culture of fear, marginalize minorities, and can easily lead them to the conclusion that the authorities as part of the problem rather than part of the solution.

From the Paper
"If one takes a moment or two to run a quick internet search, one will find literally thousands of articles talking about hate crimes in Russia; the country, which is wracked by economic and demographic problems, is developing a reputation as a haven for white supremacists and for racial animus. Over the next few pages, this paper will illustrate how hate crimes impact individual people and foreign communities living within Russia. As will become clear, hate crimes create a culture of fear, marginalize minorities, and can easily lead them to the conclusion that the authorities are part of the problem rather than part of the solution."

Tags:hate, crimes, russia

Abstract
The challenges facing the war crimes tribunals in Bosnia are examined in this paper. The writer discusses these tribunals, established under the Dayton Accords, and presents their analysis as an example of the problems facing war crimes tribunals. The writer also examines the concept of ethnic cleansing.

From the Paper
"... the fragmentation of the former Yugoslav Federation led to an outbreak of civil warfare and ethnic violence in the Balkans particularly in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Concentration camps, mass murders, mass expulsions and other indicators of genocide became widespread and the term ethnic cleansing was added to the century's lexicon of horrors. The international ...

Tags:bosnia, herzegovina, dayton, war, crimes, tribunals, ethnic, cleansing, human, rights, enforcement, ethnic, cleansing

Abstract
This paper looks specifically at comparisons between the psychological effects of bias crimes and non-bias crimes, the role of the media, prevention and the role of the justice system using two specific case studies. It examines two high-profile murder cases-those of Matthew Shepard in 1998 and Danny Overstreet in 2000.

From the Paper
"In a study comparing the psychological distress suffered by victims of hate crimes and of unbiased crimes, evidence was found to the effect that the former were more likely to suffer greater psychological distress than the latter (Herek, Gillis and Cogan, 1999). Approximately two-thousand subjects from Sacramento, California, participated in the research and the sample included equal numbers of men and women. After a period of five years, victims of hate crimes reported greater levels of anxiety, anger towards the attacker, depression, and traumatic stress. They were also more likely to "regard the world as unsafe" (p. 949)."

Tags:crimes, criminology, forensics, victimology, matthew, shephard, danny, overstreet

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an overview of hate crime. Among the topics discussed are: the nature of offenders, causes of hate crime, and strategies to reduce and/or prevent hate crimes.

From the Paper
"Levin and McDevitt state that a hate crimes can be defined as criminal actions that are intended to harm or intimidate people because oft heir race ethnicity sexual orientation religion or some other characteristic associated with minority group status. Of course some quibble can be made with this definition since prejudice and hatred is common to humankind in general and not just those of non-minority status. Nonetheless hate crimes unlike other crimes send messages of hate and intolerance. This paper provides a very brief overview

Tags:hate crimes, offenders, criminals, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation

Abstract
This paper looks at hate crimes and the best way to prevent or resolve them. It gives examples of programs which are working including the role of the Community Response Service (CRS).

From the Paper
"The Community Response Service (CRS) has proved useful in responding to hate crimes. (United) Their primary job is assisting law enforcement agencies in preventing and reducing the potential for hate crimes by mediating and conciliating conflicts before they turn violent, training police to work with the community to identify and address potential hotspots and points of conflict within the community. Training law enforcement to identify, report and investigate hate crimes and helping communities to address racial tensions before triggering incidents occur. In nearly all cases of civil unrest and..."

Tags:hate crimes, prevention, CRS, police

Abstract
This paper studies "Crimes and Misdemeanors" and tells the story of the two main characters - Judah Rosenthal and Cliff Stern. Judah is a seemingly happy and successful man until a moral situation rises with his mistress and everything changes. Cliff is unsuccessful and unhappy and also engages in an affair which changes his life. It concludes that the evil wins and good loses, with Judah being the evil man and Cliff the good man.

From the Paper
""Crimes and Misdemeanors" deals with the moral struggles of two characters. Each of the characters is an opposite, with one being seen as good and the other as evil. However, by considering the situation in relation to Sarte's ideas on existentialism the nature of the situation can be understood in a new way. "Crimes and Misdemeanors" revolves around the moral struggle of two men. The first is Judah Rosenthal, a man who appears both successful and happy. He appears to be happily married as well as having a mistress, Delores. His moral decision is based on Delores, who threatens to tell his wife about the affair and also tell of his financial crimes. Judah acts by killing his mistress and his coming to terms with this decision is the moral struggle that continues throughout the movie. The second plot is the story of Cliff Stern, a man who is generally considered as unsuccessful. He is pushed by his wife into making a documentary about her brother, whom he loathes. In making the documentary, he meets Halley Reed. The story continues as he faces his moral dilemma of having an affair with Halley and we see the demise of his marriage."

Tags:crimes, misdemeanors, moral, marriage, struggle, evil, good, mistress

Abstract
The paper explains and analyzes the nature of hate crimes against gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered people.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this report is to provide an analysis of hate crimes that are directed toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals. Erich Goode argued that there are any number of groups who are categorized on the basis of certain aspects of their behavior, personality, psychological state or even physical characteristics as deviant, leading in many instances to their devaluation and outright victimization by mainstream society. The purpose of this report is therefore to answer two questions."

Tags:hate crimes, gays, lesbians