Abstract
The paper shows that the causes of the Crimean war all revolved around the decaying Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question. The Ottoman Empire had grown too large and outstretched; it was getting impossible to control such a vast empire from the center and the Empire consisted of many different ethnic and religious people. The paper discusses each of the great powers of the time - Russian, Britain, France, Austria and Sardinia - and shows how each one in turn was unable to prevent the war.

From the Paper
"As Turkey's direct neighbor, Russia had a mixture of territorial, strategic, economic and religious reasons for their part in starting the Crimean War. Ever since the time of Peter the Great, Russia had dreamed of getting control of the Black Sea and gaining access to a warm water port in the Mediterranean. If Russia could gain access to the Black Sea, Mediterranean and Ottoman territory then it would vastly improve its economic, trade and shipping economies. If this were to happen Russia would also dominate the Near East making it the most dominant Great Power. The Russian Orthodox Church also laid claim to the Holy Lands, which would be vitally important in political and strategic terms to get a foothold in this area."

Tags:armies, europe, florence, history, nightingale, ottoman, prussia

Abstract
According to the writer, the Franco-Russian dispute over the holy places in Palestine was the immediate cause of the war. The paper shows how the nations involved strategized and finally suffered through the course of the involvement. Finally, the writer asserts that the war did not settle the relationship of the European powers involved.

From the Paper
"It was necessary for Turkey to manage those areas to provide access for pilgrims of many religions, and it was through agreements and treaties set up for this purpose that Russia was able to establish a rationale for a military move into the area. The pretext for Russian intervention was a dispute over control of the holy places, which the Ottoman sultan decided, under French pressure, in favor of the Roman Catholics. France's interest in Palestine was due, not only to the strong influence religion had over people at the time, but because the government relied on the support of the Church, making it a political issue as well."

Tags:treaty, conflict, Europe, power, control

From the Paper
"This study will investigate the Crimean War, its causes, course, and outcome. The Crimean War, 1853-1856, involved Eurasia and the allied powers of Turkey, England, France, and Sardinia. The general causes of the war were labeled the Eastern Question, which was actually the problem for Europe presented by the decline and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire after about 1700. Western powers, particularly England and Prussia, reacted with alarm at Russia's expansion into Europe.

The Austro-Russian plan to partition Turkey (with Constantinople and the Dardanelles going to Russia) was defeated, but resultant Turkish disintegration went on in the 19th Century with the rise of independent Balkan states. In any case, Russian setbacks in the Crimean War and 20 years later at the Congress of Berlin did not completely stop Russian influence in the Balkans."

Abstract
This paper examines how although Florence Nightingale is mainly remembered for her compassion and work in the field of nursing. Another of her achievements was in the field of statistics and mathematics. It looks at how she succeeded in augmenting a practical application of statistics to the profession of nursing and how her graphical and statistical representations of deaths in the Crimean conflict promoted the use of sanitary reforms, which were implemented throughout the nursing profession.

From the Paper
"Furthermore, she also made important contributions in the field of epidemiology. This is the study of the demographics of disease processes, including the study of epidemics, which uses statistical procedures. For example, Nightingale "... made a statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life. She invented a diagram known as the coxcomb or polar area chart to depict changing patient outcomes in the military field hospital she managed". (Campus Program) She had become an expert statistician and in 1858 was elected the first female member of the Statistical Society. She was also made a member of the American Statistical Association. The statistical measurement and innovations used during the Crimean War not only led to a reduction of deaths but also added to her reputation as both a statistician and nurse."

Tags:crimean, war, statistics

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Florence Nightingale and her nursing theories, followed by an assessment of their impact on the nursing profession today. The paper illustrates that Florence Nightingale's efforts on the field of battle during the Crimean War earned her the respect and funds she needed to pursue her goal of providing the nurses with formal professional training in their duties by qualified practitioners. The paper contends that her emphasis on providing compassionate medical services in as clean an environment as possible contributed to saving countless lives both during her lifetime and thereafter.

From the Paper
"According to one of her many biographers, Florence Nightingale born in 1820 and died in 1910. During the Crimean War (1854-56), Nightingale was responsible for nursing in the military hospitals at Scutari, Turkey, where she struggled to meet the enormous challenges represented by overcrowded conditions, inadequate sanitation, and a lack of basic medical necessities (Underwood, 2005). The graphic at Appendix A helps to highlight the abysmal conditions Nightingale found on her arrival there. Based on her experiences on the field of battle, Nightingale recognized the need for a professional cadre of nurses. Armed with ?45,000 from the Nightingale Fund (contributed by the public in recognition of her Crimean work), she established the first school for nurses in the world, the Nightingale School for Nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital in London in 1860. Nightingale also played a key role in developing training programs for midwives and for nurses in workhouse infirmaries, and is credited with important reforms in workhouses (Underwood, 2005)."

Tags:lady, lamp, crimean

Abstract
This paper gives a historical overview of the events that led up to the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. It details the historical process before and after this period, giving the reader an overview of the situation at the time. It evaluates important historical events such as the unsettled economical conditions, agriculture, peasant revolts, and the Crimean War that led to the emancipation of the serfs. It details the social, political and economical state the Russia was in during this period.

From the Paper
"In the first half of the nineteenth century, Russian society was founded on the nobility, the privileged landowners who were supported by the serfs. As the nineteenth century progressed, serfdom as an economic system was less able to satisfy the needs of the Russian Empire, and during this period, the country's economy and agriculture was in crisis, serfs frequently rose up against their masters that eventually led to the war. In order to understand the abolition of serfdom in Russia it is necessary to evaluate important historical events such as the unsettled economical conditions, agriculture, peasant revolts, and the Crimean War that led to the emancipation of the serfs."

Tags:1861, abolition, peasant, Russia, serfdom, emancipation, Crimean, war, 19th, century, economy

Abstract
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the Concert of Europe in dealing with the Eastern Question. Throughout the Eastern Question, which regards the fate of the Ottoman Empire, Concert diplomacy was used to solve the various crises that arose. The paper describes and analyzes three of these crises, the Syrian Crisis, the Crimean War, and the Balkan Wars.

From the Paper
"With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, a system of diplomacy, known as the Concert of Europe, was established between the great powers of the time. This union held underlying norms and regulations that directed the Powers foreign policy for the decades that followed. Although initially developed to deal with European matters, the Concert was faced with dilemmas and crises concerning the interests of the great powers outside of Europe as well. This was particularly true with regards to the "Eastern Question" which was becoming more and more of a heightened issue as the nineteenth century progressed. As J.A.R. Marriott wrote: "European statesmen have persistently sought to "isolate" the politics of the Near East. They have almost consistently failed" (1963: 10). The issues concerning the Ottoman Empire quickly became relevant international issues that stood before the Concert of Europe. The treatment of these issues by the great powers reflects both the strengths and the weaknesses of the European Concert system. The various crises concerning the fate of the Ottoman Empire will be analyzed in order to show the effectiveness of the Concert system to deal with the Eastern Question up to the Crimean War, and its gradual decline and weaknesses until it's disintegration in World War I."

Tags:balkan, concert, crimean, crisis, empire, europe, ottoman, straits, syrian, war

Abstract
This paper provides a speech-like paper with citations that focuses on the early life of Florence Nightingale and her groundbreaking efforts to prevent the spread of infectious disease during her years as a nurse in Scutari Barracks during the Crimean War.

From the Paper
"The early life of Florence Nightingale demonstrates her passion and commitment to helping other through the field of nursing. Born into a wealthy upper-class British family in ..., Florence Nightingale's parents named her after the city where she was born. Her father was William Edward Nightingale and her mother was Frances, also called Fanny Florence. Nightingale's parents were adamant she follow the typical course of a woman of her station, that is they hoped she would become a wife and mother. However, in ... Nightingale has..."

Tags:statistics, cholera, sanitation, poverty, wealth, healthcare, medicine, nursing, Lady of the Lamp, polar-area charts, morbidity, mortality

Abstract
By 1945, as Hitler's Germany was coming to an end, the future of the European continent seemed uncertain. Soviet troops were just forty-five miles outside of Berlin, and the Allied troops were just about to cross the Rhine. The questioned remained: how would the war affect the balance of power and the political landscape in the years to come? On Feb 4, 1945, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin Roosevelt met to answer this very question at Yalta, a seaside Crimean resort on the coast of the Black Sea. While the conventional wisdom of modern historians is that Churchill and Roosevelt did not wield their collective power, this paper argues that it was Stalin who failed to realize the opportunities available to him and conceded too much. The paper shows that the negotiations can be viewed from a classic "Power-Interest-Rights" perspective. While Stalin negotiated from a position of power, FDR and Churchill negotiated from positions of rights and interests, respectively. It is the consensus of this paper that Stalin failed to use his dominant position of power, giving Churchill and FDR unnecessary concessions. The paper includes illustrations and tables.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to the Yalta Negotiations
Three Approaches to Resolving Differences
Three Allied Leaders
German Dismemberment
German Reparations
The Role of Post-War France
The Polish Question
The United Nations
Final Thoughts
The Negotiation Time Line
Value Creation Worksheet
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Roosevelt was, above all else, a consummate politician. In fact, he would not meet alone with Churchill to avoid fanning the flames of Stalin's paranoia. Few men could see more clearly their immediate objective; however, his long-term vision was impaired. In 1945, he was the leader of the strongest nation in the world. The U.S. suffered no bombing, no displacement of its population and no hardship compared to the British and Soviets. In addition, the U.S. had an enormous, well-trained military and had almost perfected the atomic bomb. Roosevelt was optimistic, upbeat and knew how to rally the country."

Tags:BATNA, Gromyko, Curzon, Lublin

Abstract
This paper explains that, even in cases where states obey an international law, they do it because it's in their best national or security interest to follow the law. The paper utilizes the rational decision making model to introduce this argument. The paper then presents the Crimean war of 1854, the current Iraq War, the dispute over the Bakassi peninsula between Nigeria and Cameroon and the "Montreal Protocol" and chloroform carbons as examples. The paper also reviews treaties and agreements, which deal somewhat directly with individuals, such as the international criminal court of justice. The paper concludes that state interest, which is shaped by the position of its political class, citizens and interest groups, determines if the state preference is to follow international law or not.

From the Paper
"A good example of a states following international law because it is in their national interest was the dispute over the Bakassi peninsula between Nigeria a Cameroon. The Bakassi peninsula is an oil rich region between Nigeria and Cameroon. This peninsula has been cause of serious rivalry between Cameron and Nigeria. Both countries claimed that they had jurisdiction over the peninsula. The complexity of this case required a review of old colonial documents between these nations and their colonial masters. "

Tags:interests, model, determinant, napoleon, sovereignty