Abstract The paper shows that the causes of the Crimean war all revolved around the decaying Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question. The Ottoman Empire had grown too large and outstretched; it was getting impossible to control such a vast empire from the centre and the Empire consisted of many different ethnic and religious people. The paper discusses each of the great powers of the time - Russian, Britain, France, Austria and Sardinia - and shows how each one in turn was unable to prevent the war.
From the Paper "As Turkey's direct neighbour, Russia had a mixture of territorial, strategic, economic and religious reasons for their part in starting the Crimean War. Ever since the time of Peter the Great, Russia had dreamed of getting control of the Black Sea and gaining access to a warm water port in the Mediterranean. If Russia could gain access to the Black Sea, Mediterranean and Ottoman territory then it would vastly improve its economic, trade and shipping economies. If this were to happen Russia would also dominate the Near East making it the most dominant Great Power. The Russian Orthodox Church also laid claim to the Holy Lands, which would be vitally important in political and strategic terms to get a foothold in this area."
Abstract This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the Concert of Europe in dealing with the Eastern Question. Throughout the Eastern Question, which regards the fate of the Ottoman Empire, Concert diplomacy was used to solve the various crises that arose. The paper describes and analyzes three of these crises, the Syrian Crisis, the Crimean War, and the Balkan Wars.
From the Paper "With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, a system of diplomacy, known as the Concert of Europe, was established between the great powers of the time. This union held underlying norms and regulations that directed the Powers foreign policy for the decades that followed. Although initially developed to deal with European matters, the Concert was faced with dilemmas and crises concerning the interests of the great powers outside of Europe as well. This was particularly true with regards to the "Eastern Question" which was becoming more and more of a heightened issue as the nineteenth century progressed. As J.A.R. Marriott wrote: ?European statesmen have persistently sought to "isolate" the politics of the Near East. They have almost consistently failed? (1963: 10). The issues concerning the Ottoman Empire quickly became relevant international issues that stood before the Concert of Europe. The treatment of these issues by the great powers reflects both the strengths and the weaknesses of the European Concert system. The various crises concerning the fate of the Ottoman Empire will be analyzed in order to show the effectiveness of the Concert system to deal with the Eastern Question up to the Crimean War, and its gradual decline and weaknesses until it's disintegration in World War I."
Abstract This paper gives a historical overview of the events that led up to the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. It details the historical process before and after this period, giving the reader an overview of the situation at the time. It evaluates important historical events such as the unsettled economical conditions, agriculture, peasant revolts, and the Crimean War that led to the emancipation of the serfs. It details the social, political and economical state the Russia was in during this period.
From the Paper "In the first half of the nineteenth century, Russian society was founded on the nobility, the privileged landowners who were supported by the serfs. As the nineteenth century progressed, serfdom as an economic system was less able to satisfy the needs of the Russian Empire, and during this period, the country's economy and agriculture was in crisis, serfs frequently rose up against their masters that eventually led to the war. In order to understand the abolition of serfdom in Russia it is necessary to evaluate important historical events such as the unsettled economical conditions, agriculture, peasant revolts, and the Crimean War that led to the emancipation of the serfs."
Tags: 1861, abolition, peasant, Russia, serfdom, emancipation, Crimean, war, 19th, century, economy
From the Paper "This study will investigate the Crimean War, its causes, course, and outcome. The Crimean War, 1853-1856, involved Eurasia and the allied powers of Turkey, England, France, and Sardinia. The general causes of the war were labeled the Eastern Question, which was actually the problem for Europe presented by the decline and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire after about 1700. Western powers, particularly England and Prussia, reacted with alarm at Russia's expansion into Europe.
The Austro-Russian plan to partition Turkey (with Constantinople and the Dardanelles going to Russia) was defeated, but resultant Turkish disintegration went on in the 19th Century with the rise of independent Balkan states. In any case, Russian setbacks in the Crimean War and 20 years later at the Congress of Berlin did not completely stop Russian influence in the Balkans."
Abstract According to the writer, the Franco-Russian dispute over the holy places in Palestine was the immediate cause of the war. The paper shows how the nations involved strategized and finally suffered through the course of the involvement. Finally, the writer asserts that the war did not settle the relationship of the European powers involved.
From the Paper "It was necessary for Turkey to manage those areas to provide access for pilgrims of many religions, and it was through agreements and treaties set up for this purpose that Russia was able to establish a rationale for a military move into the area. The pretext for Russian intervention was a dispute over control of the holy places, which the Ottoman sultan decided, under French pressure, in favor of the Roman Catholics. France's interest in Palestine was due, not only to the strong influence religion had over people at the time, but because the government relied on the support of the Church, making it a political issue as well."
Abstract This paper examines how although Florence Nightingale is mainly remembered for her compassion and work in the field of nursing. Another of her achievements was in the field of statistics and mathematics. It looks at how she succeeded in augmenting a practical application of statistics to the profession of nursing and how her graphical and statistical representations of deaths in the Crimean conflict promoted the use of sanitary reforms, which were implemented throughout the nursing profession.
From the Paper "Furthermore, she also made important contributions in the field of epidemiology. This is the study of the demographics of disease processes, including the study of epidemics, which uses statistical procedures. For example, Nightingale "... made a statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life. She invented a diagram known as the coxcomb or polar area chart to depict changing patient outcomes in the military field hospital she managed". (Campus Program) She had become an expert statistician and in 1858 was elected the first female member of the Statistical Society. She was also made a member of the American Statistical Association. The statistical measurement and innovations used during the Crimean War not only led to a reduction of deaths but also added to her reputation as both a statistician and nurse."
Abstract This paper discusses Florence Nightingale's work as a statistician upon which the reform of the sanitary conditions in military field hospitals was based. The author points out that Nightingale was the first woman to be a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, the first woman to receive the Order of Merit and author of the first nursing textbook.
From the Paper "In 1840, Florence begged her parents to let her study mathematics instead of, ?worsted work and practicing quadrilles.? Her mother did not agree with this idea. Although Mr. Nightingale loved mathematics and had passed this love along to his daughter, he urged her to study subjects more appropriate for a woman. After a long battle with her parents, they finally gave her permission to be tutored in mathematics. This included Sylvester, who developed the theory of invariants with Cayley. She was said to be his most distinguished pupil."
Abstract By 1945, as Hitler's Germany was coming to an end, the future of the European continent seemed uncertain. Soviet troops were just forty-five miles outside of Berlin, and the Allied troops were just about to cross the Rhine. The questioned remained: how would the war affect the balance of power and the political landscape in the years to come? On Feb 4, 1945, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin Roosevelt met to answer this very question at Yalta, a seaside Crimean resort on the coast of the Black Sea. While the conventional wisdom of modern historians is that Churchill and Roosevelt did not wield their collective power, this paper argues that it was Stalin who failed to realize the opportunities available to him and conceded too much. The paper shows that the negotiations can be viewed from a classic "Power-Interest-Rights" perspective. While Stalin negotiated from a position of power, FDR and Churchill negotiated from positions of rights and interests, respectively. It is the consensus of this paper that Stalin failed to use his dominant position of power, giving Churchill and FDR unnecessary concessions. The paper includes illustrations and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to the Yalta Negotiations
Three Approaches to Resolving Differences
Three Allied Leaders
German Dismemberment
German Reparations
The Role of Post-War France
The Polish Question
The United Nations
Final Thoughts
The Negotiation Time Line
Value Creation Worksheet
Bibliography
From the Paper "Roosevelt was, above all else, a consummate politician. In fact, he would not meet alone with Churchill to avoid fanning the flames of Stalin's paranoia. Few men could see more clearly their immediate objective; however, his long-term vision was impaired. In 1945, he was the leader of the strongest nation in the world. The U.S. suffered no bombing, no displacement of its population and no hardship compared to the British and Soviets. In addition, the U.S. had an enormous, well-trained military and had almost perfected the atomic bomb. Roosevelt was optimistic, upbeat and knew how to rally the country."
Abstract This essay deals with the changing attitudes towards war as expressed by the poets Alfred Lord Tennyson (pre 1914) and John Mc Crae in their works "The Charge of the Light Brigade? and "In Flanders Fields?. It includes an analysis of poetic techniques and the changing ideologies between the two poems, with a particular attention paid to social, historical and other contextual changes.
From the Paper "Tennyson's poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" describes a great military disaster in the Crimean War where troops were massacred after being led to their death by their commanders. Tennyson praises the heroism of the British soldiers who faced a certain death, but who fought without questioning it. He portrays the battle as a glorious victory despite the huge disaster, admiring the courage of the men who gave up their lives to fight for their country: "Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell". Here, Tennyson personifies death, using capital letters to emphasise the words "Death" and "Hell". He does this repeatedly throughout the poem, which reminds the reader that the soldiers are going to die. In stanza 5, when the brigade is retreating Tennyson uses a subtle variation of his earlier lines; this effectively works in re-iterating the fact that so few returned from the action. "They that had fought so well Came thro" the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell.?
Abstract This paper explains that Queen Victoria became Queen of England at the time when the monarchy was weak and unpopular; but, under her leadership, England underwent massive transformation culturally, socially, and politically. The author states that her death in 1910 marked the end of a very successful, challenging, and dynamic period in the history of England. The paper stresses that Queen Victoria's reign became synonymous with revolution and change because she defied traditions and conventions to infuse a new spirit in the empire and the monarchy.
From the Paper "The country Queen Victoria lovingly called jewel in her crown had turned into a battlefield where Indian mutineers were being killed everyday and British forces had resorted to harsher tactics to control the situation. The Queen on the other hand wanted peace in the Indian region and wanted Lord Cannings, the then Viceroy of India to listen to the grievances of Indian mutineers. She rejected the idea of harsher punishment for captured rebels for Queen Victoria believed this could lead to endless bloodshed and even greater resentment. It was a very tough time for British Crown as a little mistake on the part of the monarch could lead to numerous problems."
Abstract This paper provides a history of the life of Florence Nightingale and all that she did to advance nursing. The paper discusses her role in changing the nursing profession through her progressive ideas and theories on sanitation. It also explores her political activity regarding the rights of dismissed soldiers.
From the Paper "Nightingale was a big advocate for the prevention of infection. She believed that infection arose from dirty, poorly ventilated rooms. From her selected writings on rural hygiene, we are able to understand Nightingale's standings on cleanliness. This belief led to cleaner, healthier living and working environments. She firmly believed that health improved with proper hygiene, fresh air, clean bodies, clean water, proper drainage, and plenty of light (Pulliam). She continued to advocate for improved health standards by publishing 200 books, reports, and pamphlets (Florence Nightingale Story)."
Abstract This paper examines the years known as the Modern Revolution, which consisted of global and unprecedented exchanges of ideas, goods and people. The years between 1850 and 1914 were described as autocatalytic or a condition wherein one kind of change evolved on its own and produced other kinds of changes. The paper gives examples of many of these changes, within historical, political and economic spheres. Major conflicts and their leaders are highlighted.
From the Paper "Great Britain was the engine of world economic growth during the Industrial Revolution period between 1820 and 1890 (Adelman 1995). It started the Industrial Revolution. Competition with Great Britain and the spread of British technology spurred industrialization in the responding countries in Europe and overseas. The Industrial Revolution primarily linked European and overseas economies in complementing development patterns, which set the trend of economic growth in developed countries overseas. It also substantially increased economic differentiation among nations. The ratio of the per capita income of the most advanced country to the least advanced country rose from 2.8:1 at the start of the Industrial Revolution to 10.4:1 or four times in 1913. This imbalance put a set of developed industrial countries in one hand and a set of raw-material, agricultural-staple-based developing countries on the other (Alderman)."
Tags: industrial, revolution, modern, revolution, Crimean, War, Alexander, II, Russia
Abstract This paper explains that, even in cases where states obey an international law, they do it because it's in their best national or security interest to follow the law. The paper utilizes the rational decision making model to introduce this argument. The paper then presents the Crimean war of 1854, the current Iraq War, the dispute over the Bakassi peninsula between Nigeria and Cameroon and the "Montreal Protocol" and chloroform carbons as examples. The paper also reviews treaties and agreements, which deal somewhat directly with individuals, such as the international criminal court of justice. The paper concludes that state interest, which is shaped by the position of its political class, citizens and interest groups, determines if the state preference is to follow international law or not.
From the Paper "A good example of a states following international law because it is in their national interest was the dispute over the Bakassi peninsula between Nigeria a Cameroon. The Bakassi peninsula is an oil rich region between Nigeria and Cameroon. This peninsula has been cause of serious rivalry between Cameron and Nigeria. Both countries claimed that they had jurisdiction over the peninsula. The complexity of this case required a review of old colonial documents between these nations and their colonial masters. "
Abstract This paper discusses how Florence Nightingale can be considered the mother of modern nursing and how, without her, it is unlikely that nursing would ever have become a respectable field. It looks at how Nightingale systematized the process of nursing, and also, because of her social status, how she was an instrumental public relations force in showing that nursing was a true profession, rather than something that 'lower class' women were seen to pursue, an occupation that was only one step removed from that of a nursemaid--or charwoman.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Theory
Critique of the Theory
From the Paper "Florence Nightingale, unlike most of the British women of her era, was frustrated with the common societal beliefs that women should not pursue careers--and defined the societal prohibitions of her day. Her father, William Nightingale believed women should get an education, and Florence was educated in the classics and in the sciences, as well as history, economics, philosophy, and modern languages. "Florence became disenchanted with the upper class lifestyle she was born into. When she was young she would care for sick and injured pets. Later she would care for servants who were ill. In 1837, Florence said she heard the voice of God tell her she had a mission. At the time she did not know what it was. Later she would discover her mission" ("Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)," 1998, UMN: Introstat History)"
Abstract This paper discusses the long history of Russia and the events that led to the 1905 revolution, which was one of the major events that led to the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. The paper discusses the major causes of the revolution, the political recourse of the revolution, and the long lasting impacts it had on society.
From the Paper "Russian discontent went back as far as the 1800's. There was an almost non-existent middle-class. The country was ruled by a Tsar; he was the ultimate ruler and had control over taxation, law, army, religion, etc. Tsar shared some of his power with nobles (high class citizens) and the rest of the population was peasants and servants. The servants were basically slaves; they could be bought and sold as chattels. Clearly this presented a major problem amongst the general population and something needed to change. The non-noble class desperately needed an improvement in their lifestyles. However, how is a country that has been operating under the same concept and beliefs for centuries supposed to change its ways over night without major moves and reforms that could potentially cause more problems?"
Tags: tsars, alexander II, december uprising, bolsheviks, alexander III, zemstva, emancipation of serfs, crimean War
