Abstract This paper documents the rise and fall of the First Bank of the UnitedStates created in 1791. It describes the major criticism of the bank, how it interfered with the development of the banking system and economic growth. It explains how the Second Bank of the UnitedStates rose from the demise of the First Bank, and what caused the closure of the Second Bank.
Tags: Central bank, first bank of the unitedstates, second bank of the unitedstates, implied powers, constitutional law, madison, hamilton, washington, fiscal policy, inflation, veto
Abstract This paper describes the central monetary system of the UnitedStates government in the form of the Federal Reserve Bank. The paper examines the function of the bank and it's governing members and committees. The paper details the concepts and economic responsibilities of the bank and highlights its historic policies.
From the Paper "The major institution of centralized monetary policy in the United States is the Federal Reserve Bank ? which has been much in the news lately as it has continued to drop the discount rate. To understand why it has taken the actions that it has during this calendar year and to understand the relationship between the Federal Reserve Bank, a centralized monetary policy and fluctuations in interest we must in fact focus on the central bank ? or the Fed, as it is nearly universally called, even by those who never even think about investing in the world of high finance."
Tags:united, states, federal, reserve, bank, centralized, monetary, policy, ecomony, central, inflation, Clinton, Bush
Abstract This paper examines the terrible disease of tuberculosis and its spread in the 18th and 19th century In Europe. It details the disease's symptoms and their treatment as well as the discovery of anti-tuberculous drugs. Furthermore, it gives a valid comparison of the prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the populations of the UnitedStates and South Korea and studies the statistical data of these two very different countries. It concludes that better living conditions can bring down the amount of people sick with TB.
From the Paper "Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that usually affects the respiratory system but can infect any other system of the body. It is transmitted by droplet infection in the air from a person with the active disease. The pathogens are bacteria known commonly as Mycobacterium Tuberculi. Tuberculosis was a fatal disease in the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent all over Europe even in the well off classes. With the discovery of Streptomycin and other anti-tuberculous drugs, along with strict health regimens and isolation procedures the more developed nations managed to control this epidemic by the 20th century. Underdeveloped countries however were still a source of the infection and it was endemic in many third world nations."
Tags: Tuberculosis, United, States, South, Korea, HIV, disease, air, living, conditions, underdeveloped, countries
Abstract This paper looks at the underlying trends of each population growth factor separately, particularly the immigration factor. It includes several graphs and in-depth data of the population in the UnitedStates as a whole as well as divided into sectors. It gives an historical overview of the Hispanic immigration from its origin until the present day. Finally, it concludes that the Hispanic population will continue to grow rapidly into the largest minority group due to their immigration and birth rate.
From the Paper "Researchers in demographics have persistently foretold that the rapidly growing Hispanic population would inevitably develop into the leading minority group in the United States. Updated data released from the 2000 census reveal that this belief is fast approaching actualisation. The data indicates that America's Hispanic population grew by 58% during the 1990s, putting Hispanics practically equal with African Americans as the country's biggest minority group. Most demographers predicted that the Hispanic population would equal or exceed African Americans by 2005. But that may occur sooner than initially anticipated. (Travierso, Maria. 2001, 1) How has this approaching dominance among minorities occurred and what does this mean to the U.S. population at large?"
Tags: Hispanic, United, States, census, 2000, population, minority, demographics
Abstract This paper examines 20th century developments pertaining to the UnitedStates and China. The paper discusses how the philosophical position of each nation acts as a guiding principle when domestic agendas are decided upon and how these in turn reflect on international relations.
From the Paper "The United States and China have long eyed one another from across an ideological chasm that has at times appeared unbridgeable. Throughout the 20th century, domestic trends within each nation have diverged such that little common ground appeared to exist between them. Indeed for much of the 20th century, Chinese isolationism reinforced a communist agenda that did not recognize key properties intrinsic to Western society, among them religious freedom, capitalist business practices and a generally individualistic disposition."
Abstract This paper discusses the activities of state authorities in relation to crime in New Jersey and in the UnitedStates. The paper explains that in recent years crime rates in New Jersey have dropped significantly, but the prison population, and its costs, have increased and the key reason is that New Jersey (like many other jurisdictions) uses incarceration to address drug problems. The paper points out that there are alternatives to full-scale incarceration that would save the state of New Jersey substantial sums which are now being spent on maintaining a prison system that is built to guard New Jersey from a threat that does not exist.
Outline:
Introduction
Part I: Recent Crime Statistics
Part II: Recent Legislation
Part III: Victims Assistance Programs
Part IV: Correctional Options
Part V: Three Strikes Laws
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are two criminal justice systems in the United States: the state system and the federal system. When a person commits a crime, it may be a crime against the laws of the United States; it may be a crime against the laws of the state in which the crime occurs. Violations of the criminal laws of the United States ("federal crimes") are prosecuted by the United States through the U.S. Attorney in each state. Violations of the laws of a given state are prosecuted by the various officials of the state. While the two systems work cooperatively, they do not course over."
Abstract This essay examines how victims' rights are viewed in the UnitedStates, compared with the rights of criminal defendants, and provides a discussion of the constitutional issues involved. A discussion of the incidence of victimization among young people and current trends is provided. An overview of victims' advocacy groups and an examination of what people can do when they become victims is also included. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion. Also includes an appendix.
From the Paper "America has been characterized repeatedly as a land of laws. We cherish our Bill of Rights and the hard-earned liberties wrung from the tight grip of the state over the years. When an individual is accused of a crime in the United States, a vast bureaucracy of defense attorneys and court proceedings takes over which provides a wide range of benefits, services, privileges and rights for the accused. While universally characterized as underbudgeted and overburdened, the court system is still required to provide a certain level of legal defense for those defendants who cannot afford it. However, the victim of the crime (technically the proper term is "alleged victim" until the guilt of the defendant is established by a court of competent jurisdiction) is frequently overlooked while the bureaucratic gears grind out justice for the defendant. However, things are beginning to change and a national network of victim advocacy groups is taking shape. For example, in 1980, there were 27 victim compensation programs in the United States. By 1998, however, there were 50 state programs as well as ones in the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands."
Abstract The UnitedStates Patriot Act was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives soon after the attacks of 9/11 and was initially designed as one of the governmental measures taken in the fight against terrorism. The author contends that the measures stipulated in the act generated massive debates over whether or not the Patriot Act abridges essential freedom. The paper examines the measures and powers given to authorities by the act. The writer discusses the effects of these measures on the UnitedStates as a democratic nation.
From the Paper "Through the Patriot Act the US government can constantly monitor any terrorism suspect and the people that he interacts with. For example, any phone that might at one point be used by a terrorism suspect can be legally supervised indefinitely and so even those that have no relation with a terrorist suspect and simply use a public phone or accidentally come in contact with a terrorist suspect can be supervised and their phone can be monitored. The biggest concern is that the government will have easier access to personal information of any citizen and that there is no guarantee that that personal information will not be used against individuals. There is a great risk of allowing governmental agencies easy and hidden access to private information as this would permit a great amount of unwanted control of governmental agencies over private life."
Tags: power security police spy snoop investigate, civil liberties, free speech, freedom totalitarian state government
Abstract Homelessness remains one of America's most complicated and important social issues and is a devastating experience for families. It disrupts virtually every aspect of family life, damaging the physical and emotional health of family members interfering with children's education and development and frequently resulting in the separation of family members. This paper provides an overview of causes and consequences of homelessness among three of the largest homeless population in the UnitedStates; families with children, the mentally ill and veterans.
From the Paper "In the last 15 years, the United States has seen a tremendous growth in the percentage of the homeless population. One of the fastest growing segments of the homeless population is families with children. Families with children constitute approximately 40% of people who become homeless. A survey of 30 U.S. cities found that in 1998, children accounted for 25% of the homeless population. Families have become much more diverse than the conventional nuclear family. The make up of homeless people has also become more diverse and now includes a larger proportion of homeless families. Families have changed due to the decline in marriages, increased births outside marriage, lower birth rates, and higher rates of divorce and relationship breakdown. Homeless families include single parent families, headed mainly by women, couples with children and couples without children. The U.S. Census indicates that families, single mothers, and children make up the largest group of people who are homeless in rural areas."
Tags: causes, families, homeless, homelessness, states, united, veterans
Abstract The paper gives a brief explanation of the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the UnitedStates. The paper discusses its history, related court interpretations and legislation. The following issues are addressed in the paper: The National Rifle Association's view on the second amendment, the rule of adherence to precedent, whether the Second Amendment applies to the federal or state level and if it protects only state militias or individual rights. The paper also looks at gun ownership and homicide rates from 1970 to1990.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "There have been numerous cases involving the Second Amendment but not too many have made it to the law of the land, the Supreme Court of the United States. Busch (2003) discusses the major Supreme Court cases involving the Second Amendment, while focusing on the impact the United States v Emerson (as cited in Busch, 2003) case had on the right to bear arms. Busch (2003) notes that after the Supreme Court case of United States v Miller (as cited in Busch, 2003), a large part of lower federal courts interpret the protection of the Second Amendment as a collective right and not an individual right. Busch (2003) also notes that the Supreme Court has yet to clearly state whether the Second Amendment is collective or individual. A collective right means that it applies only to the federal government. An individual right means that it only applies to state government."
Tags: well regulated militia, state militias, individual rights, supreme court cases
Abstract The end of the nineteenth century is seen as an era of trust busting under President Roosevelt and the Progressives. This was an era in which industry was subject to increasingly strict regulation in an effort to preserve the competitive marketplace. The following discussion will explore this issue: In what way and to what extent was business regulated in the UnitedStates during the nineteenth century? An issue of secondary importance will also be considered: In what way did nineteenth century regulation of business foreshadow the manner in which business is currently regulated at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Abstract This paper describes the lobbying process in the UnitedStates Congress. It looks at the origins of lobbying, the purpose of lobby groups, what kinds of institutions and organizations compose a lobby group, and how lobbying efforts and the lobbying process has changed over time. The paper also looks at global lobby groups and the influence that lobbyists exert on the U.S. Congress in general.
From the Paper "Lobbying is the practice and profession of influencing governmental decisions, and is carried out by agents who represent the concerns of special interests to legislators and administrators.1 The term first originated in the 1830's, when representatives of interest groups tended to congregate in the lobbies of Congress and state legislatures, however, the term is now used in a broader sense to include attempt to influence any governmental actions.2 Lobbying in the United States today has become an accepted an ubiquitous part of the political system. Although federal and state legislators are technically representatives of geographical areas, they spend a great deal of their time with lobbyists, and at times are responding to interest groups rather than to their constituents, to the degree that legislation drafted by lobbyists is sometimes introduced."
Abstract This paper studies the past, present and the future of Eurasian organized crime in the UnitedStates. The author follows the trial of organized Eurasian Crime to the UnitedStates and reviews literature in this subject area. The paper discusses what crimes have been, are and will likely be committed in the UnitedStates if this complex and serious problem is not properly addressed proactively. The paper also suggests that participation, collaboration, and cooperative law enforcement networks that align with corporate and banking networks throughout the UnitedStates and across borders and boundaries networking with these entities and agencies in other countries is necessary if Eurasian organized crime groups are to be impacted greatly.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Literature Review
Groups of Eurasian Organized Crime Identified
Vory v Zadone (Thieves-in-law)
Nomenklatura
Ethnic and National Groups
Avtorieti (Authorities)
Identified by FBI as Threat in the U.S. (Present and Future) - Vory v Zadone
Conclusion
From the Paper "Comprising the third group of organized crime are the ethnic and national groups including the Chechens, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Dagestanis, Georgians, and Ingush, who are active in Russian and throughout Central Eurasia and outside the Commonwealth of Independent States as well. This is the most violent of all the criminal groups."
Abstract The criminal justice system here in the UnitedStates has traditionally operated under the premises of two fundamentally opposing goals. One goal is the crime control goal. This goal operates under the idea that criminals should be aggressively pursued and crimes aggressively punished. The other goal is the due process goal. This goal operates under the premise that the rights of the accused need to be carefully protected in any criminal justice investigation. This paper examines both of these positions, determining which one is the better goal for the UnitedStates to pursue, and why.
From the Paper "Liberals have been the traditional defenders of the due process model (Perron). They are certainly operating under noble guidelines. The United States Constitution itself carefully lays out the rights of the accused in a series of amendments in the Bill of Rights. The Founding Fathers were obviously very concerned about protecting the rights of the accused, or these protections would not have been included in the Constitution. Should we as a nation follow any less stringent standards in dealing with our accused today? "
Tags: constitution, trial, jury, bill, of, rights, free, liberties, aggressive, criminal, police, profiling, raids, war, on, crime
This paper gathers and elucidates evidence and knowledge of organized crime, and the work being carried out towards the eventual freeing of society from it.
Abstract In this study the following groups are studied: The Italian Mafia, organized crime in the UnitedStates, Russian Organized Crime (ROC), Chinese Crime Groups in North America - Tongs, Gangs, and Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, the South American Cartels, and outlaw motorcycle gangs . Each of the following questions are answered: What were their origins? What factors affected their constant growth? In what sectors do these groups operate? In what hierarchy are these groups structured? What is their modus operandi? And, are individual groups linked to other crime syndicates"locally or internationally"
From the Paper "Organized crime has existed in society for hundreds of years in some form or another. It generally exists in prosperous societies where strong class distinctions"sometimes brutally enforced"exist. The history of some major crime organizations has been well documented; in this paper, a few of the well-known organizations are described briefly. The Italian Mafia originated in Sicily. Sicily, the biggest island in the Mediterranean, has always been subject to foreign occupation: At any point in its documented history, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Normans, French, Spanish and Austrians have ruled Sicily. The island residents were considered slave labor and were exploited. The Mafia, a secret society that provided for the poor was born as a solace for the sufferings of the poor and the oppressed. Vendetta was justice for the Mafia in rural Sicily along with the golden rule of omerta (honor). The clannish nature of the Sicilians, and their instinctive dislike for inconsistent law enforcement and a repressive hereditary aristocracy, created a favorable climate for the Mafiosi, the forefathers of the present day Italian Mafia. (Porrello, 1999)"
