Abstract This paper explores the police in their role of crimeprevention. It explains how effective the police are in their efforts to preventcrime and gives reasons for their shortcomings. Additionally, other roles of the police are discussed and it explores whether these roles conflict with crimeprevention.
From the Paper "One of the main roles of the police is to prevent crime. The police, however, can not prevent all crime from occurring. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the police in their role of crime prevention is debatable. Throughout this paper I will explore the question of to what degree the police can prevent crime and whether this is a realistic expectation. Additionally, I will discuss authors which support my arguments as well as whether the police's role of crime prevention conflicts with other roles that the police have. Although the police are charged with the duty of crime prevention, this is often not an easy role for the police to fulfill. It is pointed out in Topic #2 - Crime Prevention Role, "the police-citizen crisis of the 1960s brought to light the inadequacy and inability of the police to fulfill their role in crime prevention."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses various statistics relating to criminal activity. The paper then goes on to discuss studies which show that property crime can also be prevented by manipulating the design of the separate properties and their relationship to each other and the surrounding neighborhood. This process is called crimeprevention through environmental design (CPTED). According to the paper, the overall impact of CPTED by itself continues to be controversial. Specialists are more prone to accepting the fact that it is one of many measures that, taken together, can prevent or reduce crime.
From the Paper "NIJ does say that these cases "suggest" that place-based crime prevention approaches that are designed to meet the needs of certain neighborhoods do indeed reduce crime, although they are not "prove" this is the result. "In practice, it would be as difficult as untangling a spider web to evaluate the effectiveness of specific place-based crime prevention measures applied to these residential areas" (Cozens, 2005, p. 328). Also, although crime data back the thesis that place-based applications work, "the physical, management and community organizational interventions in these cases are woven together in complex ways that defy individual analysis" (Cozens, 2005, p. 328)."
Tags: CPTED, strategies, building, police, crime, patrol, North, Trail, District
Abstract This paper presents an overview of programs that are aimed at reducing crime by using early childhood crimeprevention programs. The paper reviews one of the most significant studies in recent history, the "Perry Study out of Ypsilanti, MI." According to the paper, this research exposed the very real and tangible benefits of early childhood education for poverty stricken students as an element to prevent them from becoming criminals as they got older. The paper further reports how this study proved to be the catalyst for the nationwide Head Start program and is still referred to today to obtain government funding for preschool programs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Study
Conclusion
From the Paper "There have been three major studies undertaken to test this theory with the "grandfather" of those studies being the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project. The study drew participants from African American children residing in Ypsilanti, Michigan whose parents had applied to have their children included in attendance of a program. The participants were placed into two groups, those children who would attend and those who would not attend. Random assignment and the effort to not let teachers of later schools know which of their students were in the program and out of those which had attended and which had not attended the preschool helped to protect the purity and validity of the study(Stellar, 2003). "
Abstract This paper focuses on the several causes of crime and how governments and other law enforcement institutions can effectively deal with the problem to make the environment safe and secure for the members of the society. It separately discusses several major causes and gives some suggestions to resolve the issue of prevalence of crime and insecurity in the society. The writer shares his opinion that the major causes of crime are unstable economic conditions prevailing in the country, lack of education or poor educational system, corruption in the policing system and other law and order institutions.
From the Paper "I am very thankful to you for giving me opportunities to share my views with you at this occasion. I will like to discuss the issue of causes of crime, which has been a debatable issue among the social scientists and criminologists. I will focus on my personal opinions about the major factors that lead to an increase in crimes in a society. In addition to this, I will also discuss as to what other researchers and experts have found."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the relative merits of situational and social approaches to crimeprevention. The writer takes us on an exploratory journey through the definition of each and then illustrates different situations that the approaches could be used for.
From the Paper "Crime is a topic that can make the most secure person nervous. We work hard and we have homes and the thought of someone invading our safety and security is something that can shake the most stoic amongst us. Crime prevention has become a key focus in recent years and the prevention methods have undergone serious study. Crime prevention can general be divided into two categories, social and situational. Social prevention involves neighborhood groups and other means of societal teamwork while situational prevention is about preventing a crime in one instance through private means and methods. Each approach has a place in today's society and each approach has merit. The key to the most effective prevention of crime is to understand the approaches and use them at the right time. Crime prevention that involves citizens as well as law enforcement personnel will be the key to a safer future. One of the most important aspects of crime prevention is reducing the opportunity for a crime to be committed."
Abstract This paper discusses the implementation of crimeprevention through environmental design (CPTED) concepts in the main terminal of the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The paper focuses on project management issues and the process of implementation within the environment. The planning stage of the airport re-design and the measurement of the project's goals after its completion are also outlined.
Outline:
Elements of CPTED and the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Planning Stage
Project Implementation
Post-Project Measurement and Monitoring
From the Paper "The Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is considered to be one of the busiest airports in the world. Nearly 86 million travelers passed through this airport in 2005 (Economist.com, 2008). It has six terminals A,B,C,D and T to serve domestic flights. Terminal E serves international flights (Economist.com, 2008). A tram connects all terminals to a central atrium, which is home to ticketing, baggage claim, and a small food court. Security checkpoints cover all six terminals, therefore a traveler can commute between terminals to take advantage of the amenities that various terminals have to offer without passing through another checkpoint. Past the checkpoint, security is tight. However, in the atrium area prior to passage into other terminal areas, there is considerable room for improvement. This is the area that will be the target of CPTED makeovers."
Abstract This paper is on "Hate Crimes in America". It gives a brief introduction to the term "hate crimes". It further explains how racism and hate crimes were introduced in America, and how these two terms attach to one another. It also explains how the Hate CrimesPrevention Act is treating this issue.
Abstract This paper discusses whether crime can be prevented. It focuses on crime in general, without taking corporate crime into account. It analyzes the way in which crime affects the community in general and why the focus should be on preventingcrime, as opposed to punishing it. The paper specifically looks at legislation and community patrol as ways of preventingcrime.
Table of Contents:
Legislation as Prevention Community Policing as Prevention Conclusion
From the Paper "For the United States and other Western countries, a different system will therefore have to be devised to prevent crime. Some suggestions have included increased surveillance in high-crime areas, and community policing programs such as neighborhood watch systems. Such efforts focus not only on a more visible police force, but also upon creating a partnership between police officers and the public. In this way, the public is made aware of issues facing the police, and the elements involved in fighting crime. This also eliminates much of the negative views relating to the police, particularly in the aftermath of 9/11.
"One element of community policing is neighborhood watch systems, by which citizens patrol their neighborhoods and notify the police if anything appears out of order. This removes some of the work overload from police officers by making citizens responsible for their own safety. The system also cultivates good relations between the police and citizens."
Abstract This paper discusses the advantages of shifting the emphasis of law enforcement onto crimeprevention rather than crime control. It describes situations where the public might call the police despite no crime having been committed. This might include calling the police for traffic control, for neighborhood disputes, as security consultants and for outreach in communities to help educate young people and the community about crimeprevention. The paper also looks into vice crimes.
From the Paper "Each type of prostitution comes with a differing set of difficulties for crime prevention and enforcement. The public would likely be more concerned about the nature of streetwalking as it is public evidence of vice crime, which does not meet the desires and or needs of everyone and intones a seedy side of the public arena, including the possibility of other street crime taking place in such locations. Public expectations, would then be great to stop such behavior and for the police to increase presence to do so. The streetwalker might be easier to find, as their work leaves them in a publicly vulnerable situation, call systems of prostitution are much harder to prevent and create effective enforcement around. The validity of street crime being increased by streetwalking is well documented, as when an individual seeks out such a service they are often delving into a situation where much more is readily available and other crime often proliferates such areas, while call girls (or boys) would have to be associated with other crime and make it available to a John through other means or vice versa."
Abstract This paper contends that the development of a plan for crimeprevention must carefully balance the civil liberties of the citizenry with requirements of a strong enforcement program - a difficult fence to straddle. The paper also looks at how the core of a crimeprevention program must contain elements of diligence, deterrence and diversion. The paper then proposes a five point plan for reducing crime that includes a proactive and intensive community oriented policing policy, an aggressive enforcement of existing laws, and sure justice for offenders convicted of violent crimes with particularly long sentences for repeat offenders. The paper also proposes an availability of alternative programs for at risk members of society to prevent them from engaging in criminal activity as well as a system for developing performance goals and measures to determine the effectiveness of the first four points of the crime reduction program.
From the Paper "The first point of the proposed plan to reduce crime involves the proactive approach to the crime problem. Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) is the proactive approach. COPS is an integral program of community engagement, traditional law enforcement, prevention through problem solving and strategic partnerships with community leaders ("What is Community Policing?" n.p.). The intent of this program is to reduce community trepidation towards the law enforcement community and bring it into the neighborhood through a high profile presence. It has been shown that this increases trust in the community and demonstrated the ability to reduce crime by proactive means. "
Abstract The paper provides real life examples from the media of police as crime-fighters, social servants, order-maintainers and crime-preventers. The paper believes that these media reports are accurate depictions of these police roles. The paper notes that these roles are often under appreciated, but are essential tools to serving the public.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime Fighter
CrimePreventer Social Servant
Order Maintainer
Conclusion
From the Paper "Merriam, Kansas police arrested a robbery suspect who was from Wellsville, Kansas. The suspect led authorities on a manhunt that lasted several hours which included shots fired at officers. The suspect and an unidentified woman pulled a gun on a clerk at a Caseys General Store and demanded cash. The Wellsville police and Franklin County sheriff deputies found the suspects and pursued them on Interstates 35 towards Johnson County. The suspects pulled over, the man jumped out of the car and started firing shots at police. The suspect ran off and no one was injured. The woman drove off in the car and deputies placed stop sticks in the road where the woman was arrested. The Johnson County deputies spent the morning tracking down leads and used a Highway Patrol helicopter and house-to-house searches where the male suspect might have been hiding where he was arrested at a motel (Bauer, 2005)."
Abstract This paper covers the integration of the SDS model in the prevention of youth crime program within Jersey City and implicitly involves the community and health care providers in its integration.
Abstract This fifteen page undergraduate paper examines war crimes and crimes against humanity, which are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. The writer notes that tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Further, the writer points out that just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice. In order to analyze why this is the case and assess what this demonstrates about the nature of international governance, the writer explains that it is necessary to acknowledge the inherent conflict between international law and state sovereignty, for independent laws and policies often prevent effective prosecution.
From the Paper "War crimes and crimes against humanity are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. Tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice."
This paper focuses on the lack of resources available in police departments around the U.S. resulting in their inability to function effectively and preventcrimes.
Abstract This paper examines the inner workings of police departments in America as well as the lack of resources available to effectively prevent and reduce criminal activity. This paper cites several major problems that impact on a police officer's ability to function effectively, including the practice of regularly asking officer to deal with social situations that are chaotic and confused. Police officers often find themselves in the middle of domestic disputes between spouses and partners, landlords and tenants, proprietors and customers and countless others. This paper also discusses the feasibility of hiring additional officers, while the author of this paper cites research studies that clearly conclude that increased police will not decrease crime and that other alternatives must be sought. This paper discusses the recent practice of local governments that hire private firms for a wide array of traditional police functions. This paper also examines the matter of private citizens who have taken it upon themselves to provide their own protection.
From the Paper "A major problem is that police officers are regularly asked to resolve social situations that are chaotic and confused. They find themselves in the middle of disputes between spouses and partners, landlords and tenants, proprietors and customers, and countless others, and are subjected to loud and complicated claims and counterclaims. When they are faced with these situations, police must act quickly, decisively, and, hopefully, fairly. In most cases, officers have other calls pending and cannot afford to attempt to understand the innards of the dispute, even if they were inclined or skilled enough to do so. If the parties' stories differ, as they often do, then officers must make instant decisions about whose character is more worthy of respect, and thus which version to treat most seriously. Thus, "(t)he mission of the police is limited to imposing provisional solutions to uncontexted emergencies."
Tags:crime, police, security, community, government
Abstract This paper looks at how to reduce juvenile crime through community-based involvement strategies. The paper begins by discussing the first stage of prevention and the need for after-school programs uniquely tailored to the demographic needs of the community. The paper then explains the second stage of reducing recidivism through family involvement and therapy-based programs and the third stage of treating juveniles already incarcerated. The paper emphasizes that the system must treat offenders as individuals and provide incentives for youths to choose a path other than the easy, short-term rewards of a life of crime.
Outline:
Step 1: Prevention Step 2: Reducing Recidivism
Step 3: Treatment for Juveniles Already in 'the System'
From the Paper "As with so many things in life, when it comes to preventing juvenile crime, an 'ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.' In other words, the ideal method of containing juvenile crime is to make a life of crime less attractive to potential young offenders. This is important not simply to reduce rates of criminality amongst the most vulnerable population of our society, but also to reduce crime later on, as youthful criminals are likely to become more hardened, career criminals after they age out of the juvenile justice system. Most chronic juvenile offenders are under the age of 15 when they commit their first offense (Sprague 2003:5)."
