Abstract This paper discusses how the decriminalization of prostitution in Toronto may be advantageous for sex workers. It states that although women are supposedly equal in Canada, somehow thousands of Canadian women still end up in sex work - a line of work in which they are at risk of violence, diseases and death. The paper argues that laws meant to protect society actually victimize people who are already at the bottom rung of society - marginalized, poor women - as well as a smaller group of male and transsexual prostitutes, and even some children. Law enforcers and the public frequently launch campaigns aimed at removing sex workers altogether - such as closing brothels and massage parlors. This does not remove sex workers - it merely makes them less safe. The paper concludes that protecting the rights of sex workers and decriminalizing prostitution will help to protect their safety and welfare.
From the Paper "The lives of sex workers are fraught with risks and threats. For example, by the very nature of their work, they are at risk of contracting a range of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, which is usually terminal. One might argue that sex workers should protect themselves by practicing safe sex. However, the reality is that these people are in a very disempowered position in society, and consequently, they are very often not in a position to insist on safe sex practices. A key part of their disempowerment is that they have little recourse to the law. In other words, if they are forced to have unsafe sex, they do not feel safe in laying a charge with the police. This is because their line of work is circumscribed by laws that aim to end prostitution, and therefore they do not feel safe phoning the police. Thus, one of the key reasons why the legal system pertaining to sex work should be changed is that this would facilitate equal rights to police protection for sex workers - who desperately need such protection."
Tags: sex workers, crimelegallegalizationprostituteprejudicevictimization violence
Abstract This is a policy proposal for reducing serious crime by legalizingprostitution. The purpose is to reduce serious crime against women prostitutes. The paper discusses the relevant issues involved including health factors, moral concerns, human rights concerns, and also whether legalizingprostitution would prove effective.
From the Paper This research examines as a policy proposal legalizing prostitution so as to reduce serious crimes against women. The plan of the research will be to set forth relevant issues and then discuss how legalizing prostitution would reduce crime and reasons that ..."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legalcrimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legalcrimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.
From the Paper "In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "
Abstract This paper examines the detrimental effects of legalizingprostitution, and explains why sanctioning and punitive options are much more effective than creating a legal, economic prostitution market. The writer points out how the legalization of prostitution would only serve to promote the sex industry and provide it economic and political power. The writer strongly asserts that one of the most important issues that many advocates of legalizedprostitution overlook is the promotion of child prostitution. The writer also believes that human rights and health issues, in addition to the moral conflict that surrounds prostitution, should be the main reasons for not legalizingprostitution.
From the Paper "Similar to the ethical debate for the legalization of narcotics and marijuana, prostitution invokes moral and social conflicts unlike any other issue. Prostitution is one of the oldest female occupations in the history of the world, and the sale of sex and the female body has always been a hotbed of debate. With the growing influence of the adult entertainment industry, governments are running out of regulatory options. Many government officials are forced to look at the option of legalizing prostitution, in an effort to economize the market and provide legal jobs for women. The argument for legalization stems from the theory of decriminalization, rather than the government intervening with morality on its coattails."
Abstract This paper explains that the premise of the argument against legalizingprostitution within the United States rests on the devaluation of female identity within society as women will be promoted as mere objects of male sexual aggression and patriarchal institutions. The author points out that the basis for arguing against the legalization of prostitution revolves around the issue of what is moral in society in regards to the law. The paper relates that proponents for legalization often cite ideological reasons for allowing a regulatory governing body to control underage victimization of female prostitutes; however, this will not end the cycles of abuse. The paper concludes that a more matriarchal construct to regulation, which allows women of a mature age to freely choose their profession, might be realistic, but the current patriarchic governments would not provide these regulations within the framework of legalization.
From the Paper "This point of view from opposing countries defines how women in government act as agents that defy the premise that legalization will only help the condition of female prostitutes that are supposedly being supported by the government. The reality of German prostitution is that government is turning away from regulation, as can be seen in the sex booths provided at the World Cup by the German government. If this is a form of regulation, then the often victimized and kidnapped women from foreign countries being allowed at German events is a premonition of what conditions might be like for lower class and disenfranchised women in the United States."
Tags: devaluation, female identity, military germany patriarchic
Abstract This paper puts forward an argument against legalizingprostitution in the US. This author quotes from studies carried out in other parts of the world that show how legalizingprostitution can sanction another side of the sex industry, exploiting women and putting them at risk.
Outline:
The Encouragement of Sex Trafficking
Australia's Practice and Consequences
No Protection for Prostitutes Turning Women into Merchandise
Legalization Does Not Protect Women's Health
Legalization Does Not Improve Women's Choice of Employment
From the Paper "Prostitution is not a crime without a victim, and prostitutes aren't usually called "women." Society calls them whores, tramps, sluts, pieces of meat, and trash--names for what society perceives as inhuman. Despite the philosophy behind anti-prostitution laws, we are not the victims of prostitution in need of defense. The victims are the prostitutes themselves who, under current legalities, are punished for the very crimes committed against them (Roleff, 2006).
Those who advocate prostitution as simply another occupation think of prostitutes as individuals who have rationally considered the alternative and chose prostitution over other ways of supporting themselves. Those who advocate legalizing prostitution presume much in determining this, because they assume that women choose the type of prostitution they wish to practice. However, they fail to recognize that there is a hierarchy to prostitution. The escorts and call girls we see in movies do exist, and they can live extravagant lifestyles with little risk of violence or legal problems. This, however, is not how most prostitutes live and operate."
Abstract This paper discusses the need for the decriminalization or legalization of prostitution in the United States for the benefit of both sex workers and average citizens. It provides an analysis of legalprostitution as compared to illegal prostitution and the concept of privacy rights in regards to the sale of one's own body. It also discusses the impact of religion on the legislative process.
From the Paper "The issue of prostitution in the United States is one that has been constantly debated throughout the years. Those who wish prostitution to remain illegal claim that prostitution is harmful to society both morally and physically. Supporters of decriminalization and legalization, on the other hand, feel that prostitution is a harmless private act or a "victimless crime." While matters of sexuality will always be debated and are deep personal choices of all individuals, the benefits of doing away with the archaic prohibition of "the world's oldest profession" are clear. When one analyzes the issue from a moral standpoint, the argument comes down to the common goal of any system of ethics, which is a society in which individuals do the greatest good for themselves and others in any manner of their choosing so long as they do not harm any others. One must ask then, which system provides the greatest good while doing the least harm? The system of prohibition in which a holier-than-thou attitude creates second-class citizens, ignores the problems of prostitution altogether (until said problems affect "normal" citizens), and denies individuals a way to earn a living, or the system of legalization which gives dignity to sex workers, gives them freedom and resources to practice their business in the safest and healthiest ways possible, and participate in a tradition that has been practiced in private since the earliest times of civilization? Clearly, the legalization of prostitution would be an action of great moral value in that it would provide sex workers with the freedom to control their own bodies, achieve legal equality with the rest of society, access healthcare and legal services as a normal American citizen, and receive the same acceptance of any other human being in functioning society."
Abstract This paper discusses the fact that existing laws jeopardize the lives of sex workers and explains social learning theories and feminist criminological theories that support the decriminalization of prostitution as a humanitarian undertaking. The author defines prostitution and suggests what feminists and human rights activists could lobby for in order to ensure that prostitutes have rights both as individual people and sex industry workers. The author concludes that if the sex industry was regulated and sex workers were provided with legal protection, safety, and health services, they might be enabled to rise above survival mode and escape from prostitution.
From the Paper "Proponents of the legalization and decriminalization of prostitution state that prostitution reduces the sex worker to a commodity. However, if prostitution were decriminalized, legalized, and regulated, sex workers could escape the streets, have access to a safer working environment, gain ample access to health care services, and demand legal protection under the law. If nothing else (setting all rape issues aside) a person who forces sex without consent on a sex worker could be prosecuted for destruction of property and theft of merchandise--in the same way that muggers, thieves, and robbers are prosecuted. After all, whose property and merchandise is being referred to? Hers. A commodity perhaps, but still no less a human being."
Abstract This paper discusses how prostitution is legal in Canada although living off the avails of prostitution remains illegal as does engaging in sex-for-money negotiations in a public place. It contends that when investigating the circumstances of most sex trade workers, one does see why at least partial criminalization remains desirable and why an inhibiting legal framework is needed.
Outline:
Introduction
Arguments Against LegalizedProstitution Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "Street prostitutes face extreme danger in random violence, sexual assault and abduction, risks that men and women probably would not take without the compulsion to finance addictions. Street prostitution, as the now prevailing form, is generally considered 10 times more dangerous than sex work in brothels of one kind or another, for the bona fide criminal preys upon vulnerable persons of which the sex worker is highly vulnerable for each client is usually a stranger of unknown potential. Sex workers are known to be less likely to report assaults or thefts to police, they often have access to cash, and are easily identified. (Summers 2006) Whereas other men or women are usually not accessible for one-on-one private meetings, the sex trade worker expects this situation and is thus highly accessible. "
Abstract This paper discusses how, of all the criminally deviant behaviors, few are as widespread, occur as routinely or possess as long a history as prostitution. According to the paper, some view prostitutes as victims of a situation and/or society. The paper goes on to discuss the arguments for and against legally protecting prostitutes.
From the Paper "By contrast, the standpoint of evolutionary psychology would inevitably indicate that certain individuals, upon birth, are more prone to become child abusers than others. Although socialization and social controls may exist, the evolutionary psychologist would be weary of contending that social controls do anything more than inhibit behavior; they fail to eliminate innate human drives: "Because evolved mechanisms were adaptive to ancestral environments, they are not always adaptive for contemporary people," (Bjorklund 1687). So while it may be possible, from this point of view, for an individual possessing a genetic predisposition towards sexual aggression to never act upon these impulses, this may tell us very little about precisely who is likely to abuse children. But despite the possible accuracy of the evolutionary psychology theory regarding child abuse, it is very limited in being able to provide information about why child abuse occurs--their answer would be simply that it is innate. Accordingly, if it is innate, then society has no justification for prosecuting pedophiles or violent parents; it was the way they were born."
A case for legalizingprostitution on the grounds that women generally receive a greater level of respect and acceptance for their profession in countries where prostitution is legal.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, 2002, $ 71.95
Abstract This essay makes a case for legalizingprostitution. It argues that women generally receive a greater level of respect and acceptance for their profession in countries where prostitution is legal. They also receive more protection from routine police abuse, and get better medical care. However, the very nature of the profession means that the legalization of prostitution still comes with some stigmas and problems continue to proliferate even where it is legal. This essay still makes a claim for the legalization of prostitution, which, in spite of the problems that continue to be associated with it, tends to offer a safer service both for the individuals in the profession, and for their clientele. .
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the issues confronting the various entities involved in the criminal justice system, especially with regard to the culture of victims, both inside and outside of the penal system. The writer notes that it must be kept in mind that when discussing victims, the victims of a crime are not the only "victims" involved. The writer points out that additionally, witnesses who hold important information about the incident, falsely accused suspects who may be subject to racial or economic biases in the judicial system, and even convicted offenders who are abused and subjected to cruel behavior within the corrections system can be construed as victims. Finally, the writer concludes that the issues facing the legal system that concern "victims" are wide-ranging and broad in scope, and will require a significant level of attention both at a national and local level to sufficiently address and remedy.
Outline:
Legal system
Police
Prosecutors
Defense Attorneys
Judges
Probation
Corrections Department
Parole Authorities
From the Paper "A problem with this analysis is the fact that some 911 calls are pranks, some are made by unharmed but bitter individuals who want to make trouble for spouses or roommates, and in some 911 calls the accusations that are voiced are exaggerated or even completely false. These faults with the nature of 911 calls are valid; additionally, some of the calls are made by persons whose testimony would not be considered ordinarily legally binding, such as people who are drunk or drug-influenced. Opponents of admitting 911 calls as evidence noted that they could impede the right to a fair trial, which includes the right to confront one's accuser (making them eligible to be cross-examined)."
Abstract This paper includes a brief overview of the history of prostitution in America. Following, an analysis of the benefits and effects of legalizingprostitution in today's society including statistical support for the legalization of prostitution, the paper argues legalizingprostitution will help prevent the spread of disease and protect women engaged in this profession from unnecessary violence and abuse.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Prostitution in the Modern Era
Conclusions
From the Paper ""Sex" work is nothing new; for centuries women in American have engaged in alternative work including prostitution (Scambler & Scambler, 1997; Roberts, 1992). With prostitution however, also comes stigmatization of women and "reduced civil liberties and rights of human dignity" as well as rapidly rising risks for disease or death for many women engaged in this form of employment (Scambler & Scambler, 1997, p. 3). Prostitution has been a profession since ancient times; in Ancient Greek society for example, prostitutions were known as autonomous individuals holding a certain status in society (Scambler & Scambler, 1997). It was only during the growth and expansion of Christianity and other religions in America that prostitution became associated with a "bad girl" image, suggesting women engaged in prostitution were "sinners" acting against puritan idealisms of "social purity" and morality (Scambler & Scambler, 1997). These ideals however, did not consider the economic poverty that often drove many women into prostitution, nor a woman's right to choose her line of work and enjoy greater autonomy (Roberts, 1992)."
Abstract This paper provides a critical analysis of rape in organized crime, particularly prostitution and human trafficking for the sex trade industry. It includes the history of rape in organized crime of prostitution and the cultural norms that promoted and advanced this industry during olden times. Thereafter this paper highlights the present dilemma of rape in organized crime of prostitution and human trafficking. Subsequently, the scope of organized crime of prostitution and human trafficking is discussed. Then cultural and societal issues promoting rape and prostitution are highlighted. Next, this paper discusses the underlying causes of rape, prostitution and human trafficking. After that, the reasons for using rape and the effect it has on organized crime are revealed. Subsequently, the impact of rape on the trafficked women and children is uncovered. Consequently, this paper exposes the impact of rape on the organized crime industry of prostitution. Lastly, this paper discusses the relationship between rape, prostitution and law. In addition, there is also an account for why this abhorrent crime has a low reporting and conviction rate in the developed world.
Outline:
Introduction
Section 1: History of Rape and Prostitution Section 2: The Present Dilemma of Rape in Organized Crime of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Section 3: The Scope of Organized Crime of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Section 4: Cultural and Societal Issues Promoting Rape and Prostitution Section 5: The Underlying Causes of Rape, Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Economic Aspect of Prostitution and Rape
The Relationship between Poverty and Feminization
Underground Economy and Corruption
Individual Factors of Prostitutes Section 6: Why Rape is Used and the Effect it has in Organized Crime Ensnaring
Establishing Dependence
Seizing Control
Total Supremacy
Section 7: The Impact of Rape and Violence on the Trafficked Women
Section 8: The Impact of Rape and Prostitution on the Organized Crime Industry
Section 9: Rape, Prostitution and Law
Reasons for Non-Reporting
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "In addition, Leuchtag (2003) asserts that human trafficking for sexual exploitation is quite rarely taken up as a human rights violation. In fact more often than not, it is taken up as a national security issue and/or illegal immigration issue. In addition, very often governments and the criminal justice systems complicate human trafficking with smuggling. What is common across both smuggling and human trafficking is that both involve movement of goods/people across borders through unofficial channels (Leuchtag, 2003). Raymond (2002) in his study criticized the amalgamation of human trafficking with smuggling. He argues that one involves the consent of the parties involved, that is, the exporter and the importer of goods; while the other is a form of slavery being carried out by the organized crime mafia. Moreover, the movement of people across borders involves sexual exploitation and gross violation of basic human rights (Raymond, 2002). The trafficked people are mostly from the poorest part of the world that has been deprived of the basic rights and privileges to begin with. They are taken from being in a position of misery to further suffering in the form of rape, abuse, torture and battering (Carrington and Hearn, 2003)."
Tags:prostitution trafficking, sex trade, effects society impact
Abstract This paper looks at the distinction between natural crimes, also known as mala per se crimes, and legalcrimes, also known as mala prohibita crimes. It looks at the FBI crime index and assesses whether these crimes are mala per se or mala prohibita.
From the Paper T"here are two major types of crimes natural crimes and legal crimes which are now referred to as mala per se crimes and mala prohibita crimes respectively. Crime A crime is defined by law as an act ..."
