Abstract
The paper examines the seven classifications of crime listed in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The paper determines which crimes might be considered "mala in se", crimes that are inherently dangerous or "mala prohibita", crimes not inherently wrong, but are considered criminal because their prohibition is necessary to regulate the general welfare. The paper asserts that the crimes in which human life is lost, in threat of being lost or violated in any way, should be considered "mala in se." The paper posits that crimes in which property or belongings are lost or taking away, should be considered "mala prohibita" because property is less valuable than human life.

From the Paper
"Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, as defined in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, is the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another. (www.fbi.gov) There are some homicides that are reduced to a lesser crime because there was no intent evident in the act. The intent to kill is where the defendant consciously desired to cause death or where the defendant intended to cause great bodily harm. There are other crimes of murder that are justified or excusable. An example of this is if an intruder entered a home with a gun, the occupants could murder the intruder and not be charged with a homicide. The occupants could argue that they were protecting their family from being murdered by the intruder."

Tags:mala-prohibita, mala-in-se, aggravated, assault, larceny-theft, motor, vehicle, theft, arson

Abstract
This paper examines five consecutive years of statistics for two crime index offenses of violent crime and property crime in Florida, according to the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR). The paper explains that violent crime includes murder and non-negligent homicide, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault, while property crime denotes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson. The paper also compares trends reported in Florida to those the UCR notes nationwide. The paper includes color graphs and a huge amount of resource material.

Outline:
Uniform Crime Reports
History
Violent Crime
Property Crime

From the Paper
"The Uniform Crime Reports Web page (2009) published on the Federal Bureau of Investigation website purports that during 1927, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) formed the Committee on Uniform Crime Records to create a system for gathering uniform police statistics. Two years later, in 1929, IACP determined to create the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program to relate reliable, uniform crime statistics for the United States (US). In 1930, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) officially began the task of collecting, publishing, and archiving those crime statistics (The uniform crime..., N.d.; Uniform crime..., 2009). "Today, several annual statistical publications, such as the comprehensive Crime in the United States, are produced from data provided by nearly 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the United States" (Uniform crime..., 2009, 1). To present a view of crime in the U.S., the FBI compiles data that various city, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily submit. The monthly crime reports the agencies submit to a centralized storehouse within their particular state utilize uniform offense definitions.
"To develop the UCR, the Committee on Uniform Crime Records initially determined that the number of offenses that law enforcement recognized, even if no arrest ensued, would constitute the most appropriate measure of criminality reported. After this, the Committee members assessed various crimes, based on "their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, pervasiveness in all geographic areas of the country, and likelihood of being reported to law enforcement" (The uniform crime..., N.d., APPENDIX I, 1)."

Tags:homicide, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, vehicle, theft, arson

Abstract
This paper looks at trends in juvenile crime up until 2001, based on a report by H.N. Snyder that shows an overall drop in violent juvenile crime for that period. The paper looks at the number of juveniles arrested for murder, juvenile arrests for burglary and arrests for property index crimes.

From the Paper
"A significant increase in juvenile violent crime arrests occurred beginning in the late ...s and peaking in ... but by the ... the rate of arrests of juveniles for violent crimes had dropped for the seventh consecutive year. (Snyder) Arrests of juveniles for the FBI Violent Crime Index offenses which includes murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault, declined steadily during this period across the nation. The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate in ... was the lowest since having fallen ... percent and the juvenile arrest rate for murder fell by..."

Tags:juvenile crime trends, murder, burglary, arrests

Abstract
This paper looks at the distinction between natural crimes, also known as mala per se crimes, and legal crimes, also known as mala prohibita crimes. It looks at the FBI crime index and assesses whether these crimes are mala per se or mala prohibita.

From the Paper
T"here are two major types of crimes natural crimes and legal crimes which are now referred to as mala per se crimes and mala prohibita crimes respectively. Crime A crime is defined by law as an act ..."

Tags:natural crimes, legal crimes

Abstract
This paper discusses cyber crime, criminal activity which targets computers and information, or which uses computers as the means of committing an offense. It examines how it is a very serious and complicated matter that cannot be taken lightly and how without a true understanding, public and private corporations can easily be mislead in the perspective of its gravity. It shows how this thinking opens up weaknesses in public and private computer systems that the cyber criminal could easily take advantage of and exploit for their own gain. It defines cyber crime, breaking it down into a number of sections giving examples of certain crimes that are often committed under each section. Then it provides a brief history describing the development of new laws for the new crimes, specific cases in history concerning cyber crime and also a description of where cyber crime is today and its impact on the individual and companies who are its victims.

From the Paper
"Just like the world of street crime the world of cyber crime needs policing tactics and policing units. Yet the goal of the agencies are not really to prevent, but more to investigate crimes that have already happened; the reason for this is because in cyber space there is no physical area where police can patrol to stop crime. So if policing agencies cannot prevent attacks, not including the use of undercover online operations, then who can? This question can be answered in a few ways. Private companies usually hire experts in the field of computers who can find the companies? weaknesses and where they could be attacked and tighten up their network with certain defenses like firewalls, virus scanners, and other various programs. The individual, on the other hand, has to spend money on programs which will detect intrusions and viruses that have infiltrated their personal system. Private industries that create these programs which protect systems would be similar to companies who produce self-defense equipment and classes, because that is what these programs do; they target-harden and help a victim fight back against their attacker."

Tags:computers, crime, crimes, criminology, cyber, hacking, policing

Abstract
This paper explains that Ryan S. King and Marc Mauer's article 'Aging Behind Bars: "Three Strikes" Seven Years Later' in "The Sentencing Project" was written in hopes of rehabilitating the California "Three Strikes" system and as a warning to other jurisdictions considering promulgating similar legislation. The author then points out that the goal of Linda S. Beres and Thomas D. Griffith's article "Did "Three Strikes" Cause The Recent Drop In California Crime? An Analysis Of The California Attorney General's Report" in "Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review" is to convince government officials to spend more time and effort analyzing crime and its remedies, and less time and effort on politicizing the issue. Furthermore, the paper relates that, in his article "Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions", Professor Craig Haney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, emphasizes that prison has a profound effect on prisoners who subsequently carry those effects into society after their release from prison."

From the Paper
"The authors also assert that the Attorney General's claim that the "dramatic drop in the crime rate" occurred after the passage of Three Strikes is misguided and that crime actually began to significantly decline a year before Three Strikes. Beres and Griffith further allege that an alternative explanation for the recent drop in crime is the improving California and moreover that many factors influence crime rate. The authors assert that it is difficult to prove a direct link between the economy and crime rates, nonetheless, "evidence of a connection between economic opportunity and the crime rate is particularly important in light of the deterioration of the market for unskilled labor during the past two decades."

Tags:implementation myth non-violent, crime indexes, funding

Abstract
This paper first explains that a country of the south is defined as a country in the southern hemisphere that does not reach the standards considered as acceptable by more developed countries typically of the north. Next, the author reveals many factors based on the Human Development Index (HDI) , which indicate that Brazil remains in many ways still a country of the south. However, the paper concludes that Brazil has developed certain distinctions, especially in the area of economics, which indicate that it is reaching the level of development of a northern country and that it has an ever-growing importance in world politics.

Table of Contents:
Brazil as a Country of the South
Human Development Index
Poverty and Hunger
Inequality
Health and Sanitation
Children's Rights
Demographics
Urbanization
Crime
The Environment
Industrial Profile
Brazil as an Emerging Country
Debt
Economic Power
Political Regime
Domestic Programs
Industrialization

From the Paper
"The first indications of a country of the South that are pinpointed by media and analysts often revolve around quality of life. In effect, most developed countries pride themselves on the relatively clean, safe environments that the majority of their population live in. The Human Development Index was conceived by such nations in order to measure and compare how the wealth produced is being distributed throughout countries and for what benefit. In 2009, Brazil's HDI was ranked 75th in the world according to the United Nations Development program."

Tags:poverty health children, industrial capacity, environment

Abstract
This paper is a survey report on South Korea with a special focus on its economy. It also contains an overview of its social and political conditions, including a review of some significant issues facing the country.

Geographical Information
Location & Neighboring Countries
Population
Language
Monetary
Economy
GDP (per capita) and Growth Rate
Imports, Exports & Trade Partners
Social Issues
Crime Rate and Corruption
Unemployment Rate
Poverty Rate
Education and Literacy Level
Human Development Index
Political Overview
Type of Government
Brief Political History
Human Rights Record
Other Significant Events
Relationship with North Korea
The Power of the Chaebols
Future Competitiveness of Korea/ Increasing Wages

From the Paper
"South Korea is located in northeastern Asia and occupies the southern part of the Korean peninsula. It is surrounded by North Korea in the north; the Sea of Japan in the east, the Yellow sea in the west, and is separated from Japan in the south by the Korean Strait. It has a total area of 98,480 km2 (land area: 98,160 km2) and a coastline of 2,413 km. (North Korea, Japan and China being its neighboring countries). The region has a temperate, continental climate with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. ("South Korea," Encarta, 2003)"

Tags:north, chaebol, monetary, economic

Abstract
This paper explains that the penetration and "stopping power" of a bullet can be measured using the kinetic energy and Taylor Index equations. The paper reveals that wound ballistics is concerned with the motions and interactions of the projectile with tissue. The author believes that, through understanding of the physics behind bullet impacts and penetration, the criminologist more fully understands how different types of projectiles react when striking flesh or other resistant mediums and can lead to better a understanding of the whys and hows of a crime. Formulas included.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Physics behind the Bullet
Wound Ballistics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To get the bullet in a vital area you need penetration. As a rule of thumb, velocity times sectional density is equal to relative bullet penetration. This is valid for bullets of similar composition. In good hunting bullets, expansion is consistently in the neighborhood of double the diameter and we assume the bullet will retain its weight. If the bullet goes to pieces, losing weight and consequently its sectional density, you might as well forget about it. The heavier bullet has a higher sectional density and will maintain the higher sectional density when it has expanded to double its diameter. In addition, the heavier bullets tend to have lower velocity. At lower velocity the resistance and consequently crushing force on the bullet nose, is lower, so expansion is delayed. This is why heavy bullets have delayed expansion, and do not show the same tendency to blow up on the surface as light bullets even though they have identical impact energy. It is how a given bullet interacts with tissue that determines its lethality."

Tags:bullet, kinetic, wound, resistant, hunting

Abstract
This paper explains that, one of the most common punishments during the pre-Civil War years was the execution of slaves, however, not all slaves were black. Both blacks and whites were indentured servants during the colonial period and there was very little distinction made between them. The author points out that throughout the history of United States' criminal justice, black males have been disproportionately executed more often for rape crimes than any other racial and ethnic groups. The paper relates that, an added dimension to slave executions in the United States is that states often compensated slave owners for the loss of executed slaves to prevent owners from concealing slaves accused of capital crimes and to shift the costs of public justice to the public at large.

From the Paper
"Free black people comprised a sizable population in the United States during slavery. The free black population numbered 59,466 and comprised about 8 percent of the overall black population in the United States in 1790, but by 1860 the free black population increased to 488,070 and comprised about 11 percent of the overall free black population. Northern states had the highest proportion of free blacks in their population during this period. While the absolute number of free blacks is comparable for northern and southern states, there is considerable variation in the representation of free blacks as a proportion of the black population for these regions. In northern states, free blacks numbered 27,109 and comprised about 40 percent of the black population in 1790; by 1860 the entire black population in the North was no longer living in bondage."

Tags:rape, hanging, burning, espy-index, statistics