Abstract
This paper critically analyzes the anti-crime bill, a proposed bill that offers tougher sentencing for crime and which eliminates conditional sentences. The paper also looks at three key issues regarding the bill as it seeks to address crime in Canada. The paper also looks at two theoretical explanations as to why this bill may or may not address crime in Canada. In essence, this paper looks at what we know about crime and offers theoretical explanations to support the position of this writer that the anti-crime bill is not a good one insofar as it will hardly serve as a deterrent to those who are burdened by socio-economic problems or who have been propelled towards crime because of environmental problems such as social disorganization. The paper argues that the anti-crime bill is very ineffective because it emphasizes punishment without emphasizing the resolution of the factors that drive crime in the first place; it may also be said that the anti-crime bill will increase incarceration costs - which is problematic because there are already tens of thousands of individuals in Canadian prisons at the present time.

From the Paper
"This paper will critically analyze the anti-crime bill, a proposed bill that offers tougher sentencing for crime and which eliminates conditional sentences. The paper also looks at three key issues regarding the bill as it seeks to address crime in Canada. The next several pages also looks at two theoretical explanations as to why this bill may or may not address crime in Canada. In essence, this paper will look at what we know about crime and offer theoretical explanations to support the position of this writer that the anti-crime bill is not a good one insofar as it will..."

Tags:classical, positive, anti, crime

Abstract
A research journal about the past and present aspects of rising crime rates in Britain. The author examines past crime statistics and cause of crime, as well as present increases in crime rates and how this can be changed to secure the future.

From the paper:

"There are aspects of the past, of the present, and aspect of the hopeful future that have influenced this thought. The past defines what crime is and how it affects people, what causes crime and criminals, how much crimes have changed, and why there are crimes. The present shows the rise in crime, current attitudes towards the crime rates, and what is currently being done to bring the rates down. Lastly, the look towards the future will encompass how the system will change to lower these rates, how rates are expected to change, how the public's attitude will change on how to lower the rates, as well as a note not to become too caught up in the solving of the problem."

Tags:british, crime, government, politics, rates

Abstract
This paper talks about the distorted picture created of the crime conditions in Europe and, in particular, in Britain, as a result of the volume of crimes that are committed, but unreported. The paper explains some of the reasons that crimes go unreported and how these unreported crimes, commonly referred to as 'the dark figure of crime', affect the overall picture of crime in a country. An example is given of U.S. crime rates, where violent crime rates have always been perceived to be high, but, in actuality, are lower than violent crime rates in industrialized nations in Europe.

From the Paper
"The amount of crime in society gets known when it is reported to the police, through public response to victim surveys and studies of offenders who admit committing crime, and when transmitted to other agencies, such as hospital accident wards, battered women's refuge centers and similar ones (Young 2001). Other than these, the amount of crime committed is unknown. That unknown volume (of crime) that does not get reported, thus not registered, in criminal statistics, constitutes the dark figure of crime."

Tags:statistician, victimization, surveys, british, crime, survey, robbery, criminality, damage

Abstract
This paper discusses how poverty has been regarded as a multiple causative factor for crime because it's founded on economic, social and cultural structures of the society. It looks at how the relationship between crime and poverty focuses on two main premises which are economic inequality and social stratification. Economic growth and development in many countries is not balanced and this ends up creating classes in the society.The paper also examines Karl Marx's conflict theory versus crime and briefly examines a study set in Harlem which attempts to determine whether there is a correlation between poverty levels and crime and whether unfair social and economic structures have en effect on the rampant crime in the society.

Outline:
Crime versus Poverty/Low Income
Karl Marx's Conflict Theory Versus Crime
Research Questions
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"The social conflict theory advanced by Karl Marx also accounts for the oppressive power and social structure. For example, United States of America has a long history of oppression and discrimination especially on racial and class lines. Success in many societies including United States of America is usually measured in terms of money and power and the social and power structure in these societies usually prevents the minorities from climbing up the social and economic ladder. The minorities and the lower class are denied the chance to get decent education, are relegated to lower calibre jobs with lower incomes and are blocked from various economic opportunities. One does not expect these oppressed groups to sit back and stay in the positions that the social and economic structure has relegated them to. They must hit back at their oppressors and this is the genesis of the social conflict that begets crime. "

Tags:Poverty, crime, conflict theory, low income

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes how theory helps our understanding of crime and the crime problem. The focus of the discussion is on crime in Australia, and focuses specifically on the media's tendency to sensationalize crime stories and incite fear of crime in order to sell newspapers, pursue political agendas, or make journalistic reputations. .

Tags:SOCIOLOGY / CRIME AND DEVIANCE (ISSUES, THEORY, THEORISTS), crime theory

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."

Tags:community, police, hate, crime, racial, violence, organized, mob, law, enforcement, ritual

Abstract
The paper argues that the primary cause of crime is poverty, provided that the crime to which we refer is violent crime, as opposed to white collar crime or corporate crime. Thus, the paper asserts that the elimination of poverty would likely lead to a drastic reduction in crime.

From the Paper
"It is widely believed that the primary cause of crime is poverty. In this essay I will argue that this is true, provided that the crime to which we refer is violent crime, as opposed to white collar crime or corporate crime. Thus, the elimination of poverty would likely lead to a drastic reduction in crime. Lehrer (2000) presents a good argument that poverty does not cause crime. He argues that instead, crime causes poverty. Businesses tend to leave neighbourhoods that are racked by violent crime, and the neighbourhoods thus become poor, or poorer. Lehrer (2000) backs this argument up by..."

Tags:poverty, crime, causes

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses natural crime and legal crime. The writer looks at whether the FBI's major crimes are mala in se or mala prohibita.

From the Paper
"According to Calvi and Coleman criminal law deals with activities that have been formally forbidden in a society by its government. Most laws enacted in any given society can be said to originate in the moral ethical or ideological norms of the society. For example there are almost no countries in which homicide is not considered to be a crime. However there is a very real distinction between crimes that are considered mala in se or wrong in themselves and crimes that are ..."

Tags:legal crime, natural crime, mala in se, mala prohibita

Abstract
The topic of cyber crimes encompasses many different crimes. This report defines cyber crime, and goes into depth regarding the specific crime of identity theft. It includes the definition of cyber crime, and specific techniques used to obtain an individual's personal information used to establish false identity, how to prevent the information from being compromised, as well as additional information should one become a victim of identity theft. This paper also includes real world examples stemming from personal experience.

Outline.
Abstract
What is Cyber Crime?
Identity Theft: what is it?
Types of identity theft
Keeping you safe from such crimes
What to do if you become a victim
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Browsing through the US Department of Justice's Website for the Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section, cyber crime is a handful of crimes where the primary method of operation or M.O. involves the use of computers or attacks on secure electronic data. The scope of these crimes includes unauthorized access to networks, computers databases, fraudulent money transfers or electronic wire transfers, piracy, espionage and gambling. The invention of the internet creates a new place for people to conduct business, and a very discrete and anonymous place for criminals. Everyday more and more people engage in commerce online, accessing bank accounts and making purchases entirely online. The internet creates a larger arena for crime, and creates more instances of opportunity for crime that requires little technical knowledge and provides a tempting cloak for a person to commit crimes. There are more and more crimes that have moved from the streets to an online environment, taking everyday crime and turning it into a cyber crime. Anything that is illegal, and is committed using computer technology in this virtual environment is cyber crime."

Tags:internet, cyber crime, identity theft, computers phishing, credit card

Abstract
This paper discusses cyber crime, criminal activity which targets computers and information, or which uses computers as the means of committing an offense. It examines how it is a very serious and complicated matter that cannot be taken lightly and how without a true understanding, public and private corporations can easily be mislead in the perspective of its gravity. It shows how this thinking opens up weaknesses in public and private computer systems that the cyber criminal could easily take advantage of and exploit for their own gain. It defines cyber crime, breaking it down into a number of sections giving examples of certain crimes that are often committed under each section. Then it provides a brief history describing the development of new laws for the new crimes, specific cases in history concerning cyber crime and also a description of where cyber crime is today and its impact on the individual and companies who are its victims.

From the Paper
"Just like the world of street crime the world of cyber crime needs policing tactics and policing units. Yet the goal of the agencies are not really to prevent, but more to investigate crimes that have already happened; the reason for this is because in cyber space there is no physical area where police can patrol to stop crime. So if policing agencies cannot prevent attacks, not including the use of undercover online operations, then who can? This question can be answered in a few ways. Private companies usually hire experts in the field of computers who can find the companies? weaknesses and where they could be attacked and tighten up their network with certain defenses like firewalls, virus scanners, and other various programs. The individual, on the other hand, has to spend money on programs which will detect intrusions and viruses that have infiltrated their personal system. Private industries that create these programs which protect systems would be similar to companies who produce self-defense equipment and classes, because that is what these programs do; they target-harden and help a victim fight back against their attacker."

Tags:computers, crime, crimes, criminology, cyber, hacking, policing