From the Paper
"It is easy to understand why some critics suggest that the crew aboard the Pequod, Captain Ahab's whaling vessel, constitute a microcosm of humanity. Not only is this collection of sailors a racially diverse group, but the members of this crew also exhibit a full spectrum of personality traits and emotions. Each has a role in this Atiny world, and the hierarchical structures humanity supports are paralleled aboard the ship. Further, the fact that these characters are essentially isolated at sea contributes considerably to the notion that the Pequod is indeed a sort of self-supporting microcosm. Herman Melville uses this microcosmic phenomenon to emphasize an important theme in Moby Dick. The varied response of the crew to events and objects in the novel reiterates the author's opinion that there exists a duality in life; there is always more than one point of view, and the microcosm of humanity aboard the Pequod illustrates this fact clearly. "

Tags:ismail, melville, mariner, journey, typhoon, adventure

Abstract
This research paper explains why the aviation industry should serve as a model for the production of similar research and also the implementation of tools, such as Crew Resource Management (CRM), into other areas that demonstrate public representations of life or death potential, such as medicine. The paper suggests that CRM could be an important tool for the international implementation of effective communications among high stress workers in any field, especially considering the level of research that is available for the cultural impact of differences in national identity.

From the Paper
"One of the greatest, developments within aviation is automation. Automation has been a part of aviation far longer than it has been a part of any other industry or cause, and aviation has been multi-cultural since the first flight across the Atlantic. In light of the recent global changes in aviation, after recent terrorist acts, there is a much greater international need for a culture of safety that alleviates the rational fears of the public. Challenges of international collaboration are now more important than ever. The challenges of automation and especially the cross-cultural issues of it are the ways in which pilots and mangers view automation and how they use it. The challenges to the aviation industry are trendsetting in the field of human and computer interaction, almost before the complex ideas of technological advance and its time and energy saving effects were devised."

Tags:technology, automate, flight, sub-tasks, human-computer, interaction, transition, human, collaboration

Abstract
A paper which argues that commercial aircrews should be subject to routine airport security screening. Just because someone is recognized as being a regular crewmember gives little credence to whether or not that individual is a planted terrorist. The paper shows that becoming lax with standard protocol is the first indication that the security system is faulty and the precise clue a terrorist looks for in order to know when to strike. The paper looks at the need for tighter security, especially after September 11.

From the Paper
"In light of the events of September 11th, a pertinent element of today's airline industry is the increased importance of airport security. From frequent bodily searches to passengers removing their shoes to matching each bag with its owner to allowing only ticketed passengers beyond certain points, a renewed vigilance has transformed the security process into something the public believes should have existed long before this point. Still one must ask: Is this all that can be done, or do the airlines need to focus upon their own employees as an added measure of precaution?"

Tags:ethics, freedom, safety, 911

Abstract
This paper documents a lab study of the exercise's effect on blood pressure and heart rate, and how graded exercise testing (GXT) can be used to measure a person's aerobic capacity and VO2 max. The paper explains a person's VO2 max is considered the most accurate measurement of the cardiovascular system, and that during the GXT, changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, serial ECG, breathing, and exertion can be monitored. All of these variables, the paper continues, can indicate what a person's aerobic capacity is, along with whether that person has a myocardial dysfunction. The paper points out that the ability to observe and measure these variables is considered very important because lacking budgets may prevent access to a metabolic calorimetry circuit. The paper's hypothesis proved correct, as subjects showed an increase in heart rate and systolic pressure during exercise, while diastolic pressure remained fairly constant concluded to be valid. This paper includes illustrative figures and data tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Conclusion
Questions
References

From the Paper
"Under normal conditions, systolic pressure will increase with exercise. However, the systolic pressure should never exceed 250 mm Hg. A large increase in diastolic pressure is not normal. Diastolic pressure should never exceed 115 mm Hg during intense exercise. Diastolic blood pressure has little variability with exercise. Failure of heart rate to increases during intense exercise is also an abnormal response to exercise. An individual's heart rate should also not decrease by more than 12 beats per minute within the first minute of exercise (lab manual, Durstine). Heart rate and blood pressure are measured for many various reasons. It is very important especially to measure heart rate and blood pressure during exercise to make sure the person is responding normally. When the maximum heart rate is exceeded, the individual may experience exhaustion and lactic acid build up. Also the body will stop burning fat (Misner, 2006). Hypertension, or high blood pressure, puts an individual at risk for coronary artery disease. Every 10-20 mm Hg starting at 115/75 mm Hg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. A normal blood pressure would be about 120/80 mm Hg. The pre-hypertension categories would range from 120-130/80-89 mm Hg. Stage one of hypertension would range from 140-159/90-99 mm Hg. Stage two of hypertension would include blood pressure over 160/100 mm Hg (lab manual, Durstine)."

Tags:YMCA, and, Bruce, Protocols, heart, rate, blood, pressure, measurements

Abstract
The paper outlines the true story of a B52 loaded with nuclear bombs that crashed along the Spanish coast, killing seven crew members and spilling the four unarmed hydrogen bombs over a wide area. The author of this paper criticizes the wordy title Moran gives her account but notes that it is a minor point compared to the excellent work in the rest of this book. The author asserts that Moran did a credible job in tracking down the true story, her account of the accident holds the reader's attention and it seems purely objective. The author also feels that the detail Moran spends detailing the local villagers' and fishermen's reactions and response to the crash is the most touching part of this story. The only criticism the author has of this book is that it could have provided, with the benefit of hindsight, some lessons for today.

From the Paper
"This is the true story of a B52 loaded with nuclear bombs that explodes while trying to rendezvous with a tanker aircraft in 1966 over the Spanish town of Palomares for an in-flight refueling, and crashes along the Spanish coast, killing seven crewmembers, spilling the four unarmed hydrogen bombs over a wide area. Each of the weapons is approximately 70 times more powerful than the atomic weapons dropped on Japan during WWII.
"Three of the bombs are recovered very quickly, but the fourth one is in the ocean--no one knows where. After a four-month search, including the use of the Navy's mini-sub, Alvin, the fourth weapon is recovered. In the meantime, in a Cold War environment, Moran traces the chaos among governments, the spin control, massive clean-up effort, and the helpful assistance of the local fishermen and populace.
"Deceptive packaging might be the call for the wordy title Moran gives her true account. The nuclear bombs were unarmed (not hot), and I'm not sure you could call this misadventure the worst nuclear weapons disaster in history--compared to Three Mile Island? The massive catastrophe of Chernobyl in the Soviet Union? The Russian nuclear sub accident? True, seven courageous flight crewmembers were killed, but that doesn't make it a nuclear disaster. However, for gathering headlines and readers, it probably works. This is a minor point, however, compared to her excellent work on the rest of this book."

Tags:Strategic, Air, Command, KC-135, tanker, crew, navigator, pilot

Abstract
This paper details the various circumstances that led up to the 1945 nuclear bombing of Hiroshima. The writer of this paper explores several theories as to why Bombardier Ferebee and the rest of his crew were ordered to Japan to drop the bomb that killed 180,000 people. Some theorists claim that America's display of weapons superiority was to show the rest of the world that it would not surrender to futile conflict. Others claim that President Truman approved the bombings to stop further death and destruction of innocent U.S. civilians and soldiers, following the unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor. This paper also discusses President Roosevelt's decision to provide funding for atomic science research which shows foresight on the part of the government in recognizing a possible means to a swift conclusion to the war. The rumors that Germany was also developing the same technology may have provided the powerful catalyst to action by the Americans.

From the Paper
"The hope for diplomacy was also waning; Secretary of War Henry J. Stimson recalls: "high American officials had made some...unpleasant remarks about the Emperor, and it did not seem wise...that the Government should reverse its field too sharply; too many people were likely to cry shame." An article by Karl Compton published shortly after V-J Day entitled "If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used" served as a reassurance to all American people and especially to Truman that what they had done was the right thing to do. In the article Compton questions several Japanese military officials to get their perspectives on the events, and finds that they were not confident in their ability to prevail over the Americans but would have fought to the last man, thus by dropping the bomb Truman in effect saved the remaining members of the Japanese armed forces. Truman later sent a letter of acknowledgement and appreciation for Compton's "first sensible statement I have seen on the subject."

Tags:japan, nuclear, political, theory, conspiracy, president, truman, security, war, pearl, harbor, u.s., world, war, two, germany, atomic

Abstract
The paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the novel "Billy Budd, Sailor" by Herman Melville. Specifically it contains a persuasive essay regarding sacrifice and the possibility of redemption in the novel. The paper states that in the novel, Billy dies as a result of miscommunication, hatred, and lies, yet, he accepts his fate and sacrifices his life for the rest of the crew. The paper relates that civilization should not require sacrifice, but for the sake of peace and freedom, most often, civilization does require sacrifice by one or many to remain free of anarchy and chaos. The paper concludes that the author questions what this says about our civilization.

From the Paper
"He compares other characters to ferrets, horses, and other creatures, and he does this again to separate the characters and indicate Billy's innocence and Claggart's evil. As noted, this also indicates just how closely aligned the characters are to the animal world, a world where the fittest survive, and chaos ensues if there is not order and dominance. Clearly, this applies to life on the ship, as well, and so, the society on board ship is somewhat animal-like and inhuman, which is why society demands for the execution of Billy. He is far too innocent and good to survive in this alien world, and Claggart, the most evil of all the characters, understands this far too well. "

Tags:ferrets horses civilization creatures

Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological changes to the human body during space travel. Early predictions of the response of humans to spaceflight assumed that space adaptation would be analogous to human disease processes rather than to normal physiology. Through studies of bed-rested healthy adults and medical examinations of crews returning from space, we now recognize the adaptive nature of the responses to spaceflight or its ground-based models. e are also aware of the necessity to minimize the flight-induced changes so that crews maintain their Earth-readiness and avoid injury on landing. Lack of gravitational loading affects multiple physiological systems, especially support structures that are particularly vulnerable to injury during reentry and renewed exposure to gravitational forces. Thus, most crew members exercise extensively during flight. Although many physiological systems appear to be affected by spaceflight, only the cardiovascular, neurovestibular, and musculoskeletal systems are covered in this paper.
The paper includes illustrations.

Table of Contents
Table of Illustrations
Introduction
The Cardiovascular System
The Neurovestibular System
The Musculoskeletal System
Summary
Bibliography

From the Paper
"As soon as they switch to an internal alignment and use the feet to signal down, they are able to function normally. Upon return to Earth, the brain is confused once again as gravity is now available for orientation. This confusion creates postural instability that is compounded with the cardiovascular difficulty in standing. Also, reflexes associated with posture are slowed even on short-duration missions. With long-duration flights, changes in reflexes may become a major issue."

Tags:Space, Adaptation, Syndrome, alignment, reflex

Abstract
This paper discusses how important it is to the safety of the aviation industry that pilots get sufficient proper sleep. The writer describes the five stages of sleep which are necessary for resting mind and body, and explains why being asleep does not necessarily mean that one has experienced all five stages. The writer then describes how fatigue manifests itself in reduced reflexes and reduced function, and how it progresses and affects us from its very first onset. A list of signs that indicate a pilot is not fit to fly and needs more sleep is also provided. The paper concludes that it is necessary to make sure that our bodies are always in proper working order before we take command of an aircraft.

From the Paper
"The second stage of sleep is more an intermediate stage. The sleeper will now gradually fall into a deeper state of sleep. The body now is really beginning to slow down. Bodily functions such as metabolism, secretions, and cardiac activity greatly decrease. The sleeper can still be awakened quiet easily by sounds, although sight is severely diminished. If you were to open up the sleeper's eyes in this stage they could not see. This stage will usually last for about 20 minutes."

Tags:oblivion, flight crew, relaxation oxygen dream FAA cockpit coordination

Abstract
This paper discusses various aspects of pilot fatigue, the causes of such fatigue and the associated dangers. The paper also discusses aviation accidents where pilot fatigue was proved to have been the cause. The paper further discusses ways in which pilot fatigue can be avoided.

Outline:
Introduction
Accidents Associated With Fatigue
Causes and Results of Pilot Fatigue
Past, Present and Future Responses to Pilot Fatigue
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are of coarse more recent examples that 1999 and as the attention of the aviation industry, the flying public and of coarse the media have become more attuned to these sorts of situations the accounts are more likely to list pilot fatigue as a major cause of an accident but ultimately the responsibility is often laid upon the individual flight crews as to their obvious inability to self advocate in situations where their physical and mental state is impaired by fatigue. The commercial industry often does not associate their own responsibility, regarding the over scheduling of pilots or the random and physically and mentally disruptive nature of changing time zones, sleep deprivation or limited downtime in a increasingly competitive and demanding environment where cost cutting is necessary and individuals are often lost in the shuffle of the schedule with longer lists of flights and generally lower cost flights that provide a lower return on the investment."

Tags:pressure, Crew, Resource, Management, crew-rest, breaks, melatonin