Abstract
This paper deals with the question whether Middle English could be considered a creole or not. In this essay it is argued that Middle English cannot be considered a creole. First the writer looks at the definition of the word creole and then looks at some creolization criteria. Finally, it looks at the "creole hypothesis" i.e. the hypothesis that Middle English would be a creole, in a sociohistorical and sociolinguistic framework.

From the Paper
"There are two terms that need to be defined before going further. The first term is pidgin. In short, a pidgin is a language which has been drastically simplified in structure and vocabulary, in order to serve communication needs. It is no-one's native language. Pidginization may arise when two language communities come into sudden direct contact, for instance in trade contact or military invasion.

"The second term that needs to be defined is creole. A creole is usually preceded by a pidgin. This is how a pidgin may become a creole: In a few exceptional sociolinguistic circumstances, a pidgin may be adopted as the first language of a community and acquires native speakers. In this case it undergoes elaboration, i.e. creolization. Normally, there is also an expansion in function (Poussa 40)."

Tags:framework, hypothesis, linguistics, sociohistorical

Abstract
This paper will discuss the phonology of the British influence of language on the native peoples of Jamaica. This will uncover the root pronunciations that exist in a linguistic format in the island peoples. By realizing the influence of this English language on the natives, we can see how a distinct form of English has been created fro both cultures. By studying the Creole language, we can see the British roots that gave it birth.

Abstract
This paper discusses how Pidgin and Creole are affected by the modern world and whether their disintegration is plausible or not.

Abstract
The paper discusses the history of Zydeco and its roots in the Creole culture of Louisiana. The paper includes an interview with a Zydeco musician.

From the Paper
"Zydeco music is a traditional dance music of the black Creoles of southwest Louisiana. Its syncopated rhythms and spirited melodies are popular with audiences around the world. Zydeco musicians and groups are featured at international world music festivals and play to packed dance halls in their native Louisiana. Tracing the roots of Zydeco music, identifying some of its key practitioners and describing its impact upon the contemporary music scene, is the focus of this report. The report includes..."

Tags:Zydeco, Creoles

Abstract
Paper discusses dimension of "Wide Sargasso Sea" in terms of the white Creole identity of its heroine that shapes pivotal events of her life after the emancipation of Jamaica's slaves. Her childhood is affected by her mother's madness, towards an unhappy marriage to a young Briton who believes what he is told about his wife's likely madness, too, though he is more upset by the adjustment interior Jamaican culture requires of him; Antoinette, the heroine, does succumb to mental illness, too. Notes on the stereotype of the hybrid colonial women as susceptible to excitability and violent psychosis, a reason that many Britons avoided marriage with colony-born persons of mixed ancestry throughout the Empire.

From the Paper
Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea & Ideas of the Mad Hybrid Woman. Introduction Colonized areas forever produce hybrid populations as a regular aspect of empires and colonies in human history. In 1966, Jean Rhys received acclaim for her novel Wide Sargasso Sea whose heroine, Antoinette Cosway, is a Jamaican Creole much of whose fate is shaped by the politics of Jamaica after Emancipation. Jean Rhys (1890-1979) was born into a Creole family in Dominica. Her mother was a local 'white Creole' and her father a Welsh doctor. In the 19^th century Jamaica of Wide Sargasso Sea many domiciled whites -

Tags:rhys, sargasso sea, hybrid women

Abstract
This paper explains that, in Hawaii, researchers have been able to follow speakers of Pidgin, Standard English (HE)and Hawaiian Creole English (SE) within the same community. The author points out that the use of HCE has caused significant concern within educational settings. The Hawaiian Board of Education mandated that SE must be the only method of communication between students and staff in all school settings because educators believed that HCE use was associated with low academic achievement, low socioeconomic status and a negative community stereotype. The paper stresses that, within Hawaiian society, it is reasonable to believe that SE is not superior to Hawaiian but rather a more logical choice in that SE is easier to understand by persons outside of the community and more effective in terms of intelligibility.

From the Paper
"Hawaiian students were to be encouraged to become primarily fluent in Standard English. This belief was that fluency and subsequent improvement in academic achievement would allow students greater opportunities in education and in life. Teachers were to encourage the speaking of SE in the classroom and model such speaking for their students. Because no provisions were made to support teachers and their students, the board's action essentially maintained the status quo."

Tags:pidgin, un-grammatical, unstable, syntax, assimilate

Abstract
This paper relates that most slaves in Louisiana were treated better than in other Southern states. The author points out that slavery began in Louisiana because of agricultural needs; Africans also labored in areas where the French did not want to work, such as the swamps of New Orleans, which the Africans cleared to create the port city. The paper relates that there was a general turning of the head when it came to black and white, male and female relationships during this time; thus, a large population of Creoles and mulattos date back to this time.

From the Paper
"The Spanish slave code was called "Las Siete Partidas," and this code stayed in effect until many years after the Americans took over in 1803. Basically, the French laws had defined slaves as moveable property, while the Spanish defined them as "immovables" (Morris 74). Thus, the French looked as slaves of little importance and value, while the Spanish saw them as real and quite important property. Defining slaves as "immovables" did not mean they could not be bought, sold, or traded away from their families, however, and this began to occur much more frequently during Spanish rule. While the French might not have placed much monetary value on their slaves, they knew the importance of keeping them happy so their families would grow, prosper, and produce new slaves, and so, they encouraged a content family life, where the Spanish were more concerned with the value and ability to sell and trade their slaves."

Tags:bambara, property, liberal, labor, creoles

Abstract
This paper explains that Mardi Gras can be traced back to Bacchus festivals of ancient Greece and Rome, where the carnival became popular in the middle of the second century. It also look at how it was popular in North America where the Creoles in the 1800s introduced it to New Orleans. The author points out that the New Orleans celebration includes a carnival parade of floats, which first were presented by the Comus krewe in 1857, bands and colorfully dressed marchers who belong to one of the seventy various krewes (carnival groups) in the metropolitan New Orleans of which ten have operated continuously for more than a century. The paper relates that the Rex krewe initiated the tossing of beads and toys to those who attended the parade in 1920, while greatly expanded the bead industry especially in China.

From the Paper
"Are Mardi Gras traditions viable in Asian countries like Hong Kong? Hong Kong is a free market economy, the special administrative region of China, which is highly dependent on international trade. Recent statistics show that its natural resources are limited and its raw materials and food have to be imported. It had extensive trade and investment in China even before it reverted to Chinese administration in July 1997. The Asian economic brunt of 1998 hit Hong Kong quite hard and reduced its GDP, but many see its growth as recovering at 1.8% and 3.7% in the 2000s, comparable to the four big countries of Western Europe. Per pre-2000 figures, Hong Kong's GDP consisted mostly of services at 85%, with a 4% inflation rate, 3.36 million Its chief industries were textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches and clocks. Hopes could not altogether be pinned on China's regain of control over Hong Kong."

Tags:krewe, bacchas, creoles, china, beads

Abstract
The paper looks at how Barbara Bush, in her analysis of sex, race and class in creole society in the Caribbean, notes that until recent decades the primary focus of historical analysis of the slavery/plantation era in Caribbean history had been on the economics and institutionalized aspects of slavery. The paper discusses how she notes, that more recently, this view of Caribbean history has been complicated by increasing attention paid to the everyday lives of African slaves, free blacks, Creoles and whites during this period (Bush 245). This essay argues the thesis that this historiographic shift of emphasis is profoundly significant, as it allows us to understand the full complexity of Caribbean society at this time and the agency of even slaves to negotiate their identities amid extraordinary institutionalized oppression and violence. As is seen, with reference to both scholarly works as well as the fictionalized account of slave life during this time in "I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem", the incorporation of the concept "creolization" into an analysis of this society problematizes the absolutism of slavery and acknowledges the capacity of humans to empower themselves under even the most restrictive conditions.

From the Paper
"Barbara Bush, in her analysis of sex, race and class in creole society in the Caribbean, notes that until recent decades the primary focus of historical analysis of the slavery/plantation era in Caribbean history had been on the economics and institutionalized aspects of slavery. More recently, she notes, this view of Caribbean history has been complicated by increasing attention paid to the everyday lives of African slaves, free blacks, Creoles and whites during this period (Bush 245). This essay will argue the thesis that this historiographic shift of emphasis is profoundly..."

Tags:identity, creole, slavery

Abstract
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is the dialect of English used by most African-Americans in familiar and informal settings . Although the language spoken by African-Americans in different parts of the United States exhibits some regional variation, the dialect has fairly uniform characteristics. It has a well-formed grammar and an interesting, though controversial, history. Dismissed as 'bad English' by some, it has evoked considerable debate interest among academics and linguists many of whom recognize its importance, especially as a medium of instruction for the African-Americans. This paper explores the origins of AAVE, discusses whether the dialect is a creole, investigates its similarity with other creoles and examines its grammar.

From the Paper
"There is some controversy about the origin of AAVE. Some people believe that the Black people, who were brought to America as slaves, picked up English from the 'English-speaking' Southerners they came in contact with. The proponents of this theory, also known as the dialect hypothesis, note that the AAVE and the English spoken by the American Southerners have many features in common, such as the Southern Vowel Shift, vowel lowering, and double modals. (Sidnell, background) The theory contends that the white Southerners in the 17th century spoke a distinct "Virginian" dialect that had its origins in a family of regional dialects spoken in the south and west of England in counties such as Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, Devon, Wiltshire, Oxford and Gloucester during the 17th century. (Williams, 24) Although the use of such a dialect in polite conversation quickly disappeared in England by the end of the 18th century, most of its characteristics persisted in the American South. According to this theory, the 'incorrect' English picked up by the Blacks from the Southern whites was passed down through subsequent generations. In other words, this theory (also known as the 'dialect hypothesis') about the origins of AAVE contends that the present form of the dialect is simply "bad English" and has nothing to do with the native, Western African languages of the slaves. In answer to the question as to why this type of English does not currently exist among its originators, the proponents of this theory argue that most people avoid using "bad" English when they get educated. They contend that the Englishmen from the south and west counties of Britain and the white Southerners discontinued the use of such an 'incorrect' form of English after being educated; the African Americans continued to persist with such 'bad' as they did not benefit from similar education. (Ibid.)"

Tags:creole, academic, language, lingo, slang, dialect