Abstract
This paper explains that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represents irreversible damage to the nephrons, the functioning filtration units of the kidney. The author points out that this stage is generally accepted clinically as the complete dependence of the patient on life-preserving dialysis or kidney transplantation for adequate waste filtration due to this irreversible damage. The paper relates that the definitive treatment of ESRD is the initiation of dialysis (peritoneal or hemodialysis) or renal transplantation with control or eradication of the cause of the kidney disease; however, nutritional support in the patient with end-stage renal disease must take into account the fragile electrolyte balance maintained by the remaining functional nephrons.

Table of Contents
Causes
Populations at Risk
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment

From the Paper
"Signs and symptoms of ESRD are also seen in acute, chronic and acute renal failure superimposed on chronic renal failure. ESRD is seen in GFRs that approach zero; it is thus inferable that prolonged periods in between dialysis result in severe manifestations of electrolyte imbalance, especially urea and ammonia accumulation. Azotemia and uremia are associated with urea and ammonia accumulation secondary to diminished renal function are seen in rises in blood urea nitrogen."

Tags:urea, ammonia, nephrons, irreversible, dialysis, co-morbidities

Abstract
The United States of America is a melting pot of various communities who have been residing in the country for generations. They feel assimilated into the American culture where many of them have been born and brought up in the U.S. and hence have remote connections with the country of their ancestors. However, there are times when these communities are in doubt over their assimilation. This paper studies the case of Wen Ho Lee - an employer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Dr. Lee, a Taiwanese-born American was accused of tampering, altering and concealing classified information, as well as with removing secret weapons files from the Los Alamos computers. The paper describes the Asian-American community's anger against Dr. Lee's 9-month solitary confinement before he was freed in 1999 and their claims that his arrest was made on the grounds of racial prejudice.

From the Paper
"Congressman Mike Honda D-San Jose also contributed by taking the petition to President George Bush. The campaign has been founded and led by Cecilia Chang of Fremont who believes that the fight is not for Wen Ho Lee alone but the entire nation that it represents which includes every American of Asian descent. She added that such organized response would guard and protect the Asian Americans against what may happen in the future. The campaign for getting as many signatures in support of Wen Ho Lee as possible extended itself to the internet where the supporters signed up online at www.wenholee.org. The petition campaign was co-sponsored by the Sacramento Chinese American Political Action Committee, East Bay Asian Voters Consortium, Association of North California Chinese Schools, South Alameda County Peace and Justice Coalition, and Joint Chinese University Alumni Association of Southern California. Endorsers included Citizens for a Better Community (Fremont), Honolulu Japanese American Citizens League and United Muslims of America (Sunnyvale) ."

Tags:nuclear, arsenal, CRD, SRD, TAR, File