Abstract The evolution of a species, any species involves the complicated process of procreating, dealing with each other, and evolving in a manner that helps sustain life not diminish it. The questions that scientists ask about sex and behavior and evolution go to the heart of what makes us who we are. Nature is not perfect but it is clever. The study of sex and evolution has a great deal to tell us about how we have become what we have become. In addition, it can lead us to improve on areas--such as gender conflict--which threaten our survival.
Abstract This paper discusses the evolutionary development of vertebrates and the corresponding development of the adaptive immune system. It argues that the adaptive immune response is superior to the innate response, thereby allowing for the evolution of larger and more complex species, specifically, the vertebrates.
From the Paper "Survival is at once both the most primitive and the most vital aim of every organism that has ever existed. Unfortunately, the survival of any organism depends most heavily on its ability to interact with the surrounding environment in such essential tasks as metabolism and respiration. For inherent within these necessary interactions is the risk of the compromise of that organism's integrity and separation from the surrounding atmosphere. The development by living beings of immunological protection against this bodily invasion by foreign matter and additional living beings was perhaps the single greatest accomplishment in the evolution of life on earth. For such immunity, grounded in an organism's ability to distinguish between self and non-self, affords an adaptive advantage unparalleled in any other system. With time and evolution, this immunological protection grew, and certainly continues to grow, increasingly more complex, resulting in the production of organisms ever more fit to prudently interact with the environment around them. The ultimate consequence is the establishment of species that, due to their superior level of adaptation through superior immunological protection, survive better in their given environment. Evidence in favor of this theory of immunological evolution is most apparent in the evolution of the somewhat primitive invertebrates into the more highly developed vertebrates. Aside from being more complex in terms of anatomy, the vertebrates exhibit vastly superior immunological protection from the surrounding environment; this protection is the very basis for the considerable anatomical development of vertebrates over invertebrates."
Abstract The evolution of Italian cinema, from the neorealism of the 1940s and early 1950s to the more personal realism of the late 1950s and early 1960s, was defined by complex forces at work in Italian cultural, political and economic life at the time.
Abstract This paper discusses the theory of evolution and natural and artificial selection. The paper attempts to understand why changes in the gene pool occur over time. The paper also examines how antibiotic resistance arises from natural selection.
Tags: theory of evolution, gene pool, natural selection, artifiical selection, antibiotic resistance
Abstract This paper traces the evolution of management principles from the classical school to the present. The paper also compares, contrasts and relates one or more of the different schools of management theory and practices in the current work environment.
From the Paper "Authoritarian or traditional management is the classical model of military governance applied to civilian purposes. Managers under an authoritarian doctrine value order, precision, consistency and obedience. Classical management theory originated during the industrial revolution that began in the late ?s. It required companies to look for the single best way for workers to perform tasks. The classical management model required senior managers to deal with everyday problems throughout the organization and at the same time to focus on tactical and strategic decision."
Tags: Management theories, evolution, Taylor, Classical, behavioral, scientific, Theory x and Theory y, worker motivation
Abstract This paper examines the question of what mathematical premises would be dependent on the biological and physical evolution of a given species, assuming of course that we knew other intelligent species had evolved. The writer discusses that some critics suppose that language and mathematics by extension are dependent upon the physical parameters set out by the body. The writer explains: ten fingers and hence a decimated numerical system. This essay probes that assumption.
From the Paper "There is almost certainly a connection between biology and the ability to conceptualize. The basic logical processes that we, as humans, often take for granted are in reality quite dependent upon our own physical evolution. How likely is it that we would have developed a base ten numerical system if we didn't just happen to have ten fingers? It would be perfectly plausible to have a base six system or base twelve, for example. But the question becomes how much of mathematics is a product of biological evolution and how much of it exists unto itself."
Abstract The paper examines the possibility that biology, evolution and the development of mathematics are linked more closely than mathematicians would necessarily have us believe. The paper challenges the basic Platonist assumption that abstract mathematical concepts possess concrete being and are consequently fundamental parts of the universe. Instead, the paper discusses the possibility that mathematics is a construction of the human mind and an evolutionary development.
From the Paper "Most often we take mathematical truth for granted. Rather than understand it as an historical construction - not so different from any other human production, such as language - most people fully believe that mathematics is natural and etched into the very fabric of the cosmos. This is a classic Platonist view of the universe in which even abstract concepts have physical reality. Twentieth century theorists, especially in linguistics, have repeatedly challenged the efficacy of abstract concepts. But mathematics is still, in some part, understood to be the realm of the gods with right-brains their unerring prophets."
Abstract This paper looks at the specific aspect of Darwin's theory of evolution that addresses the changes in the genetic structures of organisms, which is mutation. The paper discusses the history of the understanding of mutation, what it is and what causes it. There is brief speculation about genetic engineering and modification and the implications that they can have on humans and eugenics.
From the Paper "With Charles Darwin's publication of his most famous work, "On the Origin of Species," he immediately created a religious and scientific uproar, the effects of which are still being felt today. The basic premise of this book is well known and accepted in the scientific community and much of the lay population as well, which is that every species of life on the earth has genetic ancestors and that they have passed the most beneficial traits down to their descendants in such a way that their species would have the greatest likelihood of survival. This became known as "Darwinism" or the theory of "survival of the fittest" ("Evolution"; Dobzhansky 112). The key to this survival was the organisms ability or tendency to adapt and change, somehow altering its biology to be more compatible with its surroundings."
Abstract The paper deals with the expansion and evolution of a company which started out small and ended up being relatively large in its accessories market.
From the Paper "When discussing the global market place it is easy to assume that the structure of such a market has changed a great deal in the past 15 years. Most of these changes are a direct result of the growth and availability of the Internet. Now it is easier than ever to purchase items located in distant areas just by shopping via an online catalog. As a result of this items can be at your home, office or facility within a matter of days if not hours. However how do companies make the transition from being a domestic seller to that of being a global seller? Obviously the transition in some cases may take decades while others may only take a few years or a few months. The difference depends on the structure of the company itself, connections, and of course global needs and wants."
Abstract In this paper, a book report relates the aspects of environmentally conscious ideas about waste and recycling within the 21st century in 'Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things' by William McDonough. The writer discusses that through re-usability and new techniques in recycling, modern industry must reform markets and production methods to help create a far more reusable standard for products to help preserve the ecology of the Earth.
From the Paper "This book report presents the various environmental and ecological issues that arise in Cradle to Cradle By William McDonough. By examining the main theme of 'waste-less' industry in McDonough's book, one can realize the importance of recycling in the manufacturing process. By re-evaluating the "new industrial revolution" that is bound within this book, McDonough makes a compelling case for a new approach to waste and recycling in the 21st century. The integration of environmentally cooperative production in the new millennium is the scope of McDonough's book, as it proclaims a new approach to industry and ecology."
Abstract To understand the point of the humor in "Cat's Cradle" by Kurt Vonnegut, it is necessary to examine the point of the story itself. All of Vonnegut's books touch on broad social issues in a rather cartoonish way that serves a much darker and difficult purpose than what they appear to address. Like Breakfast of Champions, and Hocus Pocus, Cat's Cradle, is a humorous take on the organizations and social structures that the world holds as absolutes with the angle that such things do not exist - all is arbitrary. In this work, we find that there is a brilliant combination of lampoon (in the form of the polarized roles taken by the two friends who created the island nation dictatorial politics and religion, Bokononism; which are intended to oversimplify the arbitrariness of politics and religion) and of black humor (which is clearly marked in the violence, deprivation, and oppression that are used only to perpetrate the lie that is the society). Irony, perhaps, is the constant of every event and passage in this book. It is irony that makes us understand that the humor in the story is a rather caustic, disbelieving, and disenchanting look at our own and every other society.
Abstract This paper examines the novel, "Cat's Cradle", by Kurt Vonnegut, written at the height of the Cold War when most Americans lived in fear of a fiery nuclear apocalypse. Vonnegut presents a different but equally terrifying end, a world encased in ice. It discusses how one of the novel's themes is how human irresponsibility can contribute to this icy end. It examines how Vonnegut uses the major and minor characters in "Cat's Cradle" to reflect on the consequences of human irresponsibility and how, throughout the novel, Vonnegut presents characters whose irresponsibility helps bring much of life on earth to an end.
From the Paper "Despite his small stature, Newt is the most mature and well adjusted of the Hoenikker children. Still, Newt remains focused on the major disappointments of his childhood. The fact that he found neither cat nor cradle in the tangle of strings presented by his father causes Newt to believe in the lack of meaning in all human life. He thus becomes an easy target for the Russian spy Zinka, who pretends to love him in order to get to his share of the ice-nine. At the apocalypse, Newt remains unwilling to confront the horrors of the icy apocalypse that he helped to usher. Instead, he focuses on scavenging for paint, and on turning inward and coping through his art."
Abstract This essay discusses the use of imagery, i.e., the use of words to represent things or ideas by sensory description, and theme in ?Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking.? The main theme of the poem is the concept of unification, division, and re-integration of the physical and the spiritual, as well as of the psyches of human beings.This theme is explored at length in the context of the poem.
From the Paper "Walt Whitman first published his poem "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" under the title "A Word Out of the Sea" in the 1860 edition of his collection Leaves of Grass. It was re-published under its current title in 1871.
"Whitman (1819-92) was one of the first distinctly "American" poets, and his work often revolved around themes of equality, democracy and freedom. In his lifetime, slavery saw its heyday and experienced its abolishment. At the same time, Whitman witnessed a new America emerging, an America which included the frontier West and industrialization."
Abstract This paper expounds on the main theme in "Cat's Cradle" that life is meaningless. The paper discusses Vonnegut's use of images, irony, and eccentric characters to express his theme about the meaningless of life. It also explains how Vonnegut relates this theme to religion, marriage, and almost everything else humans teach each other.
From the Paper "Clearly, Vonnegut is depicting a side of human nature that cannot deal with the truth, so it is fed and willingly believes the lies it is told by the ?religion.? In fact, "Truth was the enemy of the people, because the truth was so terrible, so Bokonon made it his business to provide the people with better and better lies" (172). In addition, to create more "zest" and "tang" within the lives of the people, Bokonon decides to have himself declared an outlaw. He emphasizes his belief that "A really good religion is a form of treason" (173). The legend of a holy man in the jungle and the tyrant in the city was the only thing that made the people happy. (174) Perhaps the most striking example of this theme is the last scene of the book in which Bokonon writes in the final sentence of his book that if he were a younger man, he would "make a statue of himself, lying on my back, grinning horribly, and thumbing my nose at You Know Who" (287). Again, we are shown Vonnegut's opinion regarding the power of religion. Through the willingness of the people to accept Bokonon, Vonnegut is asking us to search our own lives for such blind faith."
Abstract This paper explains that, in the book "Cradle of Violence", Murray Strauss exposes child abuse in the home, which is evident in society today. The author points out that Strauss suggests that children who are abused by family members have a higher probability of becoming violent offenders and abusers themselves. The paper relates statistical research supports his arguments.
From the Paper "Watching the news on television provides a glimpse into contemporary local and world affairs. It has become apparent that regardless of the time of day reports on violent crimes can be found when flipping from station to station. For some viewers the images are just part of every day life when glued to the tube, playing video games, surfing the net, and/or watching home movies. For others, it is a constant reminder of how dysfunctional and abusive some people really are."
