Abstract
The paper discusses how human evolution is part of the evolution of all life on earth and follows the same rules, but does so in a more and more human context. The paper looks at how ideas about human evolution derive first from the writings of Charles Darwin, who made observations in the Galapagos Islands and South America during the voyage of the Beagle, the ship on which he sailed. The paper explains that based on what he saw, he wrote about what he found, that would later undermine the accepted idea of the stability of species.

From the Paper
"Human evolution is part of the evolution of all life on earth. It follows the same rules but does so in a more and more human context. Ideas about human evolution derive first from the writings of Charles Darwin, who made observations in the Galapagos Islands and South America during the voyage of the Beagle, the ship on which he sailed. Based on what he saw, he wrote about what he found that the facts as he saw them would undermine the accepted idea of the stability of species. The idea prevalent at the time was that species existed through time with relatively little change and that the various species were not related to one another in any direct way. In part, this idea was based on the view that all the species had..."

Tags:human, evolution, change

Abstract
This paper considers the effect of evolution and religion on the Romantic poets, noting that evolution and religion have been in a degree of conflict since the publication of Darwin's work in the mid-nineteenth century. The writer discusses that this conflict affected the Romantic poets as well and became part of their work, though it would be more correct to say that these poets served more as intellectual precursors to Darwin, given that he published his work at the end of the main period of Romantic poetry.

From the Paper
"Evolution and religion have been in a degree of conflict since the publication of Darwin's work in the mid-nineteenth century. This conflict affected the Romantic poets as well and became part of their work, though it would be more correct to say that these poets served more as intellectual precursors to Darwin, given that he published his work at the end of the main period of Romantic poetry. The Romantic poets had a special relationship with nature and the idea of Nature, and concepts from the natural world infused their works, along with an ongoing appreciation for the wonders of nature, for scenes set in the natural world, and for a sense of spirituality derived from exposure ..."

Tags:evolution, romantic, poets

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the evolution of advertising media in the years ahead, paying especial attention to how the evolution of the internet medium means the demise of older paper-based media as well as the advent of more instantaneous communication between ad agencies, consumers, and between consumers and businesses. The paper looks at what the perceived technological gains of the future portend for the relationship of ad agency clients to the organizations seeking to serve them and what kinds of new technology it can be reasonably inferred will flood the market in the next half-decade or so. The writer concludes that the internet appears to be the "end-game" for modern advertising and advertising firms must begin acknowledging this fact however wedded they may be to traditional sources of advertising.

Tags:advertising, media, evolution

Abstract
This paper examines the question of what mathematical premises would be dependent on the biological and physical evolution of a given species, assuming of course that we knew other intelligent species had evolved. The writer discusses that some critics suppose that language and mathematics by extension are dependent upon the physical parameters set out by the body. The writer explains: ten fingers and hence a decimated numerical system. This essay probes that assumption.

From the Paper
"There is almost certainly a connection between biology and the ability to conceptualize. The basic logical processes that we, as humans, often take for granted are in reality quite dependent upon our own physical evolution. How likely is it that we would have developed a base ten numerical system if we didn't just happen to have ten fingers? It would be perfectly plausible to have a base six system or base twelve, for example. But the question becomes how much of mathematics is a product of biological evolution and how much of it exists unto itself."

Tags:biology, evolution, mathematics

Abstract
The paper examines the possibility that biology, evolution and the development of mathematics are linked more closely than mathematicians would necessarily have us believe. The paper challenges the basic Platonist assumption that abstract mathematical concepts possess concrete being and are consequently fundamental parts of the universe. Instead, the paper discusses the possibility that mathematics is a construction of the human mind and an evolutionary development.

From the Paper
"Most often we take mathematical truth for granted. Rather than understand it as an historical construction - not so different from any other human production, such as language - most people fully believe that mathematics is natural and etched into the very fabric of the cosmos. This is a classic Platonist view of the universe in which even abstract concepts have physical reality. Twentieth century theorists, especially in linguistics, have repeatedly challenged the efficacy of abstract concepts. But mathematics is still, in some part, understood to be the realm of the gods with right-brains their unerring prophets."

Tags:evolution, mathematics, biology

Abstract
This paper traces the evolution of management principles from the classical school to the present. The paper also compares, contrasts and relates one or more of the different schools of management theory and practices in the current work environment.

From the Paper
"Authoritarian or traditional management is the classical model of military governance applied to civilian purposes. Managers under an authoritarian doctrine value order, precision, consistency and obedience. Classical management theory originated during the industrial revolution that began in the late 's. It required companies to look for the single best way for workers to perform tasks. The classical management model required senior managers to deal with everyday problems throughout the organization and at the same time to focus on tactical and strategic decision."

Tags:Management theories, evolution, Taylor, Classical, behavioral, scientific, Theory x and Theory y, worker motivation

Abstract
This paper discusses the evolutionary development of vertebrates and the corresponding development of the adaptive immune system. It argues that the adaptive immune response is superior to the innate response, thereby allowing for the evolution of larger and more complex species, specifically, the vertebrates.

From the Paper
"Survival is at once both the most primitive and the most vital aim of every organism that has ever existed. Unfortunately, the survival of any organism depends most heavily on its ability to interact with the surrounding environment in such essential tasks as metabolism and respiration. For inherent within these necessary interactions is the risk of the compromise of that organism's integrity and separation from the surrounding atmosphere. The development by living beings of immunological protection against this bodily invasion by foreign matter and additional living beings was perhaps the single greatest accomplishment in the evolution of life on earth. For such immunity, grounded in an organism's ability to distinguish between self and non-self, affords an adaptive advantage unparalleled in any other system. With time and evolution, this immunological protection grew, and certainly continues to grow, increasingly more complex, resulting in the production of organisms ever more fit to prudently interact with the environment around them. The ultimate consequence is the establishment of species that, due to their superior level of adaptation through superior immunological protection, survive better in their given environment. Evidence in favor of this theory of immunological evolution is most apparent in the evolution of the somewhat primitive invertebrates into the more highly developed vertebrates. Aside from being more complex in terms of anatomy, the vertebrates exhibit vastly superior immunological protection from the surrounding environment; this protection is the very basis for the considerable anatomical development of vertebrates over invertebrates."

Tags:adaptive, evolution, immunity, immunology, invertebrate, vertebrate

Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of evolution and natural and artificial selection. The paper attempts to understand why changes in the gene pool occur over time. The paper also examines how antibiotic resistance arises from natural selection.

Tags:theory of evolution, gene pool, natural selection, artifiical selection, antibiotic resistance

Abstract
The evolution of Italian cinema, from the neorealism of the 1940s and early 1950s to the more personal realism of the late 1950s and early 1960s, was defined by complex forces at work in Italian cultural, political and economic life at the time.

Tags:evolution, italian, cinema

Abstract
This paper explores the third chapter of Desmond Morris', "The Naked Ape," as it relates to the development of human children. It discusses the content of the chapter under discussion and describes Morris' view on imprinting. The paper compares Morris' view with that of L. Salk and his strong case for imprinting. It concludes that these individuals are very similar, but their methods differ.

From the Paper
"In the end, Desmond Morris relies heavily upon the work of Salk in the third chapter of his book. Instinctively, I am inclined to think that Morris is correct in dismissing left-handed cradling; I am also inclined to think that the matter is more complicated than he acknowledges - especially given the findings of later research. Fundamentally, I prefer Salk's findings to Morris' simple regurgitation of them; by engaging in original research, Salk gives his conclusions an authenticity that Morris does not. Furthermore, Morris' refusal to cite studies supporting the arguments of critics insisting that left-handed cradling is caused by "right-handedness" in society leaves the reader with the impression that he erected a "straw-man" so that his own argument would be strengthened."

Tags:development, mother-child bond, cradle evolution