From the Paper
""CRACK BABIES": DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERISTICS, OUTCOMES, & IMPLICATIONS
Introduction
This research examines the syndrome of so-called "crack babies." The examination focuses on the development this condition, the characteristics of these subjects in both their infancy and later childhood, social outcomes for these subjects, and the implications of the "crack babies" syndrome for social work.

This researcher served as a drug and alcohol counselor for pregnant women with addicted fetuses for a period approximating one-year. This experience led to the selection of the "crack babies" syndrome as the focus for this research.

Development of the "Crack Babies" Syndrome.."

Abstract
This paper will focus on the Canadian 'war on drugs' campaign, and will try to analyze it from the criminological standpoint. Attention will also be focussed on the panic about 'crack babies' and on how the drug has treated women and other minority races within a patriarchal society framework. Canadian criminal policy will be analyzed in this regard and alternative options to making the campaign more successful will be examined.

Abstract
This paper evaluates several issues that may affect sentencing disparities for abusing crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Among these issues examined is race and its impact on sentencing. Gender issues are also considered, as are the pre-natal effects of these drugs. The writer clarifies the difference between crack and powder cocaine and how this may also influence sentencing.

Outline:
Sentencing Disparities
Cocaine and 'Crack Babies'
Past Research
Moral and Legal Issues
Development
Bibliography

From the Paper
"There are more African-American individuals on death row than white individuals and most of these individuals awaiting execution have committed drug crimes, many of which involved crack, and less that involved powder cocaine (Pope, 1976). Even the Attorney General of the United States is willing to admit that drug laws are the main reason that there are so many African-Americans on death row today and that African-Americans are arrested at a higher rate for these types of crimes than Caucasian individuals (Pope, 1976). While this may seem irrelevant to a discussion of crack vs. powder cocaine specifically, the issue of minority status is actually somewhat important in sentencing guidelines for all crimes, although it is not an issue that judges are legally allowed to use."

Tags:illegal, drugs, substance, abuse, drug, convictions

Abstract
This paper seeks to explore the crack growth fracture mechanics with a focus on the factors that influence the fatigue crack growth rate and how the Paris-Erdogan equation can be used to predict fatigue crack growth as well as in the calculation of crack growth rate. The paper also presents research on modes of mechanical failure.

Outline:
Introduction
Crack Growth Fracture Mechanics
Mechanical Failure Mode
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Hancock, G. J. (2003, p.125), fracture mechanics is used to predict the effect of cracks on the durability and integrity of structures and components. It helps in detecting cracks in structure before a crack grows to significant length as a result of sustained stress cycles. During fatigue, crack growth rate can be calculated by the Paris-Erdogan equation given by da/dn = C (Δk)n where a represents the crack length, n represents the number of fatigue cycles, Δk represents the applied stress intensity factor range while c and m are considered to be constants of a material. Δk increases with time as a load is applied due to the growth of the crack. For a crack of length a, the rate of crack growth given by da/dn per cycle varies with Δk. Where c and m are constant with m between 2 and 4. The upper limit of a crack growth rate curve represents the fracture toughness of the material while the lower limit is the threshold. There is characterization of sub-critical crack growth using linear plastic fracture mechanics parameters and acoustic emission data to predict crack propagation rates. This determines the number of cycles required for an existing crack to attain a substantial size. (Reuter, W. G, Robert, S. P. 2002, p.458)Acoustic emissions are elastic stress waves generated by a rapid release of energy from a localized source within a stressed material. Fatigue crack growth rate is influenced by many factors some of which include: notch radius where research indicates presence of higher fatigue crack growth rate in a blunt notch. This is because of accumulation of fatigue damage at the tip of the notch initiating the crack a head of the notch. Material strength, initial crack tip condition, mean stress, overload as well as non-proportional load determine the crack growth rate. Research has also shown that ferroelectric ceramics experience cracking and mechanical degradation when subjected to large alternating electric fields. (Anderson, T.L., 2005, p.455)"

Tags:equation, material, emission

Abstract
This paper examines how British feminists feel about crack prostitution in Britain. It explains how Britain's proliferation of crack prostitution should be a lesson to Canada and seen for its complete subjection of women. The paper looks at how British feminists want to know why the sex industry has normalized and they demand better help for women trying to get off drugs, demanding tougher laws against those exploiting or abusing prostitutes, including references to mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat procurers. In conclusion, the paper shows that Britain's feminists paint a clear picture of crack prostitution as a male problem, arguing in favour of punishing those who victimize women, as a step forwards.

Outline:
Introduction
Crack and Sex Work
Lessons for Canada
An Intensified Problem
Cultural Myths
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"In January of 2006, Britain toughened up enforcement of anti-prostitution laws due to better insight into a changed sex trade with prostitution for most something other than a job of choice but a cash-based industry like any other that preyed upon vulnerable women. Preparing this paper, from a Canadian point of view, has brought new insight into the naivete of saying that prostitution should simply be legalized, that this would remove its related abuses, implying that women have choices who engage in the sex trade."

Tags:sex, trade, abuse, slave, exploitation, drugs, law, women, girls

Abstract
This paper looks at the crack epidemic of the 1980s showing how involvement with crack as a child can destroy adult years to come. The paper discusses how prevalent crack was among kids and provides statistics about how much crack was sold and how many teenage children were arrested for selling it. In addition, the paper suggests that cocain was more damaging than other drugs that can before it because it targeted two unsuspecting groups of people: urban children, from newborn to teen, and their mothers.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Primary Source Evaluation
Supplementary Secondary Sources
Final Conclusions

From the Paper
''In researching crack cocaine and the emergence of crack in America, one must ask, why was the crack epidemic so successful in terrorizing poor, urban American citizens? Crack/Cocaine was so damaging because unlike drugs before it, it targeted two rather unsuspecting groups of people: urban children, from newborn to teen, and their mothers. In trying to prove this thesis, I searched from primary sources.This proved to be extremely difficult, I'm guessing because most crack addicts/ dealers were uncomfortable talking about their experiences or were scared of legal issues. However, I did find one newspaper article which interview and examined the lives of one family and their experiences with crack. The addicts' from the report are named are Malo, Joey and Darien. Their descriptions of early life and experiences with crack display the quintessential example of the effects crack has on a developing child. Each of the speakers, talking at an adult age, explains their present life of crime, poor education, and overall wasted opportunity. And without surprise, their present life situations all correspond with an early involvement in dealing crack. It can be inferred, then, that dealing from a young age basically ruined their lives. This source however, did not give any statistics and also failed to mention mothers or babies. Thus, I examined separate secondary sources to gather information about crack babies and women crack addicts corrupting social welfare.''

Tags:drug, dealing, addicts

Abstract
This paper elaborates the effects of crack and cocaine use on human behavior. Cultural perceptions of crack users vs. those of cocaine users are discussed, as well as the comparative economies of crack and cocaine markets. The use of cocaine products to alleviate psychological trauma and dysphoria are discussed, as well as the causes of this dysphoria and possible connections between post-traumatic stress disorder and crack use.

Abstract
The violent crime rate in the United States today remains more than three times higher than during the decade following World War II. Based on the emerging epidemic of juvenile crime, the unknown impact of the coming wave of "crack babies", together with an array of other predictable or unpredictable changes, the potential for increases in crime continues and represents an enormous challenge for the criminal justice system in the U.S. today and in the future. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of law enforcement techniques in the United States during the period from 1940 to 2003, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"Beyond the problems associated with getting an individual arrested for a crime discussed above, when the person involved is a juvenile, the problems are even greater. The juvenile justice system is designed with the long-term welfare of the children involved in mind, and efforts are rightfully made to ensure that kids receive every possible consideration at each step of the process. Practically everyone involved in the juvenile justice system has wide latitude in exercise judgment and discretion in how to handle individual cases. Victims of teen crimes may find that nothing at all is done at all, even if they break the feared "code of the schoolyard" and advise authorities that they are being victimized."

Tags:attorney, enforcement, police, sentencing

Abstract
The violent crime rate in the United States today remains more than three times higher than during the decade following World War II. The aggravated assault rate is nearly four times what it was then and news reports commonly celebrate the current drop in crime rates to the levels of the late 1970s, but fail to note that by then the long road of unbroken annual crime increases had already tripled the rates of the 1950s. The paper shows, that based on the emerging epidemic of juvenile crime, the unknown impact of the coming wave of 'crack babies,' together with an array of other predictable or unpredictable changes, the potential for increases in crime continues and represents an enormous challenge for the criminal justice system in the U.S. today and in the future. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of law enforcement techniques in the United States during the period 1940 - 2003, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"This is not to say of course that relief is not available for victims or that all police officers are indifferent to the suffering and emotional trauma involved in violent crime. It is to say, however, the sheer numbers of victims who enter the criminal justice system today for the first time will predictably result in a number of them simply giving up in light of the lengthy prosecutions involved, the number of court appearances required, and the need to interrupt personal lives and jobs in order to satisfy the requirements of being a witness."

Tags:offender, three-strike, law, preventive, detention

Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of a mother's drug use on infants. It looks at the long-term health effects for the children who are born to mothers abusing drugs. The paper then focuses on possible forms of therapy for the women and the children and discusses the ability to prevent the later drug abuse of the children of drug abusing mothers.

From the Paper
"A primary focus has been placed on preventing drug abuse in the children of drug abusers, though prevention is a relatively new field. Therapists watch for some of the precursors of drug abuse, such as depression, antisocial personality, aggression, and conduct disorders. There are similarities between prevention and treatment, but there are also numerous differences. When children show evidence of depression or aggression or other precursors of later drug use, they are treated for these psychological disorders and not for drug use as such. Treatment services offered to the children of drug abusers will provide selective prevention services, while indicated prevention services are offered only to children who show precursors for drug abuse, using such interventions as individual counseling, play therapy, family therapy, behavior modification, or academic tutoring programs (Kumpfer, 1998, p. 420)."

Tags:depression, crack babies, prevention