Abstract
The introduction of highly addictive crack cocaine in the 1980s caused widespread devastation in inner city communities. Under a tough 1986 crack law, vast numbers of black males are serving long prison sentences, yet crack sales and crack addiction have not decreased. Despite the failure of the War on Drugs to reduce drug use or crime in inner city neighborhoods, protests that the crack law targets blacks for prosecution and long prison sentences, and evidence that the CIA was involved in introducing crack cocaine into inner city neighborhoods, the government has refused to change its tactics and take measures to actually help the black community recover from the crack epidemic.

Tags:black, crack, cocaine

Abstract
The paper emphasizes the connection between homelessness and crack addiction and discusses how Canada has failed to produce a pro-active treatment approach making use of European precedents. The paper provides many insights into the situation, including a discusison on the large numbers of homeless becoming so directly due to crack addiction, social exclusion due to crack addiction, plus the benefits of being vagrant to avoid arrest/financial obigation.

From the Paper
"This paper examines crack cocaine addiction in relation to a Toronto culture of homelessness. Homelessness due to crack cocaine addiction is seldom recognized, along with crack addiction to occur while homeless, though problems often encountered in larger Canadian cities in keeping with what was experienced earlier in the United States. (CCSA: 2006:2) Research produced a number of unexpected angles of the problem, including the possibility of better treatment approaches than those now prevailing in central Canada. An important dimension of the problem is the..."

Tags:crack, homelessness, public health

Abstract
This paper discusses how, historically, punishments for convicted users and sellers of the drugs cocaine and crack have differed. Penalties are more severe for those individuals who use crack, although it is merely the solid form of essentially the same drug. These disparate penalties may result from several things. The paper further discusses how the most prevalent of these causes seems to be that of race. The powdered form, cocaine, is more popular among Caucasians. In addition, cocaine appears to be the drug of choice for the middle-class and above. The dangers associated with either cocaine or crack seem to differ greatly.

Tags:crack, cocaine, sentencing

Abstract
The paper discusses the differences between crack and powder cocaine, and the history of the skewed legislative sentencing policy that is essentially a product of preconceived notions of crack cocaine. The paper also talks about what demographics are getting hit hardest in this controversial topic.

From the Paper
"Since the mid 1980's, Crack cocaine offenders sentenced by the federal court system are punished and sentenced harder than powder cocaine users, despite the fact that both powder and crack cocaine have similar harmful natures, just are used by different demographics. This bias is based on old data and relates to race, as black, low-income crack possessors are more often found with crack than white, Latino or other offenders. Congressional representatives and legislators are working hard to eradicate the 1 to 100 ratio, a ratio that essentially treats one gram of crack cocaine and one hundred grams of powder cocaine as the same offense."

Tags:crack cocaine, powder cocaine, congress

Abstract
This paper examines new feminist views of crack prostitution in the UK which has advanced beyond Canadian levels towards new awareness and thinking on how to stop the phenomenon. According to the paper, British feminists favor retained criminal laws, social service and police collaboration, and awareness of a cultural shift that has made British men amenable to the idea of paying for sex. The paper further questions how men that grew up with feminist activism and ideals can tolerate prostitution, suggesting that cultural change has failed.

From the Paper
"Crack cocaine addiction and related prostitution are familiar to North American urban-dwellers but this paper examines crack prostitution in Britain where girls and women are completely dehumanized by the phenomenon. British feminists note cultural indifference towards now very visible, young sex trade workers. Activists explain how crack-prostitution differs from what has gone before in a United Kingdom that features many thousands of young people in extreme poverty, very prone to crack addiction and its results. British feminists do not see legalizing..."

Tags:crack uk, law issues, lessons

Abstract
This paper seeks to explore the crack growth fracture mechanics with a focus on the factors that influence the fatigue crack growth rate and how the Paris-Erdogan equation can be used to predict fatigue crack growth as well as in the calculation of crack growth rate. The paper also presents research on modes of mechanical failure.

Outline:
Introduction
Crack Growth Fracture Mechanics
Mechanical Failure Mode
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Hancock, G. J. (2003, p.125), fracture mechanics is used to predict the effect of cracks on the durability and integrity of structures and components. It helps in detecting cracks in structure before a crack grows to significant length as a result of sustained stress cycles. During fatigue, crack growth rate can be calculated by the Paris-Erdogan equation given by da/dn = C (Δk)n where a represents the crack length, n represents the number of fatigue cycles, Δk represents the applied stress intensity factor range while c and m are considered to be constants of a material. Δk increases with time as a load is applied due to the growth of the crack. For a crack of length a, the rate of crack growth given by da/dn per cycle varies with Δk. Where c and m are constant with m between 2 and 4. The upper limit of a crack growth rate curve represents the fracture toughness of the material while the lower limit is the threshold. There is characterization of sub-critical crack growth using linear plastic fracture mechanics parameters and acoustic emission data to predict crack propagation rates. This determines the number of cycles required for an existing crack to attain a substantial size. (Reuter, W. G, Robert, S. P. 2002, p.458)Acoustic emissions are elastic stress waves generated by a rapid release of energy from a localized source within a stressed material. Fatigue crack growth rate is influenced by many factors some of which include: notch radius where research indicates presence of higher fatigue crack growth rate in a blunt notch. This is because of accumulation of fatigue damage at the tip of the notch initiating the crack a head of the notch. Material strength, initial crack tip condition, mean stress, overload as well as non-proportional load determine the crack growth rate. Research has also shown that ferroelectric ceramics experience cracking and mechanical degradation when subjected to large alternating electric fields. (Anderson, T.L., 2005, p.455)"

Tags:equation, material, emission

Abstract
This paper looks at the crack epidemic of the 1980s showing how involvement with crack as a child can destroy adult years to come. The paper discusses how prevalent crack was among kids and provides statistics about how much crack was sold and how many teenage children were arrested for selling it. In addition, the paper suggests that cocain was more damaging than other drugs that can before it because it targeted two unsuspecting groups of people: urban children, from newborn to teen, and their mothers.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Primary Source Evaluation
Supplementary Secondary Sources
Final Conclusions

From the Paper
''In researching crack cocaine and the emergence of crack in America, one must ask, why was the crack epidemic so successful in terrorizing poor, urban American citizens? Crack/Cocaine was so damaging because unlike drugs before it, it targeted two rather unsuspecting groups of people: urban children, from newborn to teen, and their mothers. In trying to prove this thesis, I searched from primary sources.This proved to be extremely difficult, I'm guessing because most crack addicts/ dealers were uncomfortable talking about their experiences or were scared of legal issues. However, I did find one newspaper article which interview and examined the lives of one family and their experiences with crack. The addicts' from the report are named are Malo, Joey and Darien. Their descriptions of early life and experiences with crack display the quintessential example of the effects crack has on a developing child. Each of the speakers, talking at an adult age, explains their present life of crime, poor education, and overall wasted opportunity. And without surprise, their present life situations all correspond with an early involvement in dealing crack. It can be inferred, then, that dealing from a young age basically ruined their lives. This source however, did not give any statistics and also failed to mention mothers or babies. Thus, I examined separate secondary sources to gather information about crack babies and women crack addicts corrupting social welfare.''

Tags:drug, dealing, addicts

Abstract
This paper examines how British feminists feel about crack prostitution in Britain. It explains how Britain's proliferation of crack prostitution should be a lesson to Canada and seen for its complete subjection of women. The paper looks at how British feminists want to know why the sex industry has normalized and they demand better help for women trying to get off drugs, demanding tougher laws against those exploiting or abusing prostitutes, including references to mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat procurers. In conclusion, the paper shows that Britain's feminists paint a clear picture of crack prostitution as a male problem, arguing in favour of punishing those who victimize women, as a step forwards.

Outline:
Introduction
Crack and Sex Work
Lessons for Canada
An Intensified Problem
Cultural Myths
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"In January of 2006, Britain toughened up enforcement of anti-prostitution laws due to better insight into a changed sex trade with prostitution for most something other than a job of choice but a cash-based industry like any other that preyed upon vulnerable women. Preparing this paper, from a Canadian point of view, has brought new insight into the naivete of saying that prostitution should simply be legalized, that this would remove its related abuses, implying that women have choices who engage in the sex trade."

Tags:sex, trade, abuse, slave, exploitation, drugs, law, women, girls

Abstract
This paper elaborates the effects of crack and cocaine use on human behavior. Cultural perceptions of crack users vs. those of cocaine users are discussed, as well as the comparative economies of crack and cocaine markets. The use of cocaine products to alleviate psychological trauma and dysphoria are discussed, as well as the causes of this dysphoria and possible connections between post-traumatic stress disorder and crack use.

Abstract
This paper explains that cocaine is an alkaloid drug processed from the leaves of the coca shrub, which creates a feeling of well-being, self-confidence, and alertness that lasts for between ten and thirty minutes. The author points out that crack cocaine magnifies the effects of cocaine, making it quicker to have an effect, and the effects are likely to be much stronger. The paper stresses that most drug-related visits to the emergency room are caused by cocaine.

Table of Contents
What is Crack Cocaine?
Who Uses Crack Cocaine?
Popularity of Cocaine
Drug Use Comes in Waves
Still a Drug of Choice for a Lot of People

From the Paper
"McCaffrey's report found that cocaine use had stabilized or declined in many cities. It also noted that today's crack users are the "aging" and the "sick," contrasting with the legions of healthy young people who started using it in the mid-1990s. A Department of Justice official noted that perhaps today's young people had witnessed the havoc crack had brought to their friends and families and decided against that path.

Tags:alertness, stronger, emergency, cheap, party