Abstract
This paper examines how the hemigrapsus nudus, the purple shore crab, is found in the intertidal regions along the Pacific Northwest coastline. In particular, it discusses how they often experience considerable fluctuations in temperature in their natural environments and it is these temperatures which may have an effect on normal physiological function. It proposes a study to test their critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and their critical thermal minimum (CTMin) using their righting response as an indication of their thermal limits.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
CTMax
CTMin
Discussion

From the Paper
"Crustaceans and other intertidal species often experience multiple fluctuations in water temperatures as a result of alternating tide patterns and changing seasons (Selvakumar and Geraldine 2004). Hemigrapsus nudus, the purple shore crab, is a common species found in the intertidal zone. These crabs are involuntarily exposed to varying temperatures with the changes in tides and diurnal cycles. H. Nudus can tolerate temperatures up to 33.6 C, known as there critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and temperatures as low as (0 C), known as there critical thermal minimum (CTMin). "

Tags:temperature, climate, water

Abstract
The paper explains that the Florida blue crab is a major sea product and an annual sporting catch. The paper describes the nature of the animal, gender differences, means of reproduction, methods for catching the crab, methods of preparation and its economic importance.

From the Paper
"The Florida Blue Crab is identified by the color of the claws, and male and female can be told apart by the color as well. Male crabs have blue claws all the way along their length, while female crabs have red tips. The crab is classified as Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and comes as both a hard-shell and a soft-shell crab. This is a very important seafood product, the most important after the lobster. The color is a variation of green shakes, with the legs being the bright blue that gives the crab its name. The species is found from Cape Cod south to Florida and around the Gulf of Mexico to the Mississippi."

Tags:Callinectes, sapidus, Rathbun, seafood, shell, life, cycle, species

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Research is currently being pursued in shell selection by the hermit crab. Hermit crabs usually are found in empty gastropod shells, seeking protection from predators, desiccation, and other hermit crabs. The hermit crab does not seem to select a place to stay at random but rather appears to have a selection process. Precisely what this process is and how the crab makes a decision as to what shell to select and what shell to reject is the subject of much research.
Hermit crabs are considered ideal for research into decision making of this sort. When an animal stops performing one activity, it must decide what activity to perform next, and this is called a "decision point." At any time, causal factors for several different potential activities are likely present, and.."

Abstract
This paper reports on Florida blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun), a major sea product and also an annual sporting catch. The paper reveals that while the name identifies this as a Florida product and a restaurant staple, but the animal is found as far north as Cape Cod. The paper provides an examination of research on the crab that shows the nature of the animal, gender differences, means of reproduction, methods for catching the crab, methods of preparation, and its economic importance.

From the Paper
"The Florida Blue Crab is a major sea product and also an annual sporting catch. The name identifies this as a Florida product and a restaurant staple, but the animal is found as far north as Cape Cod. An examination of research on the crab shows the nature of the animal, gender differences, means of reproduction, methods for catching the crab, methods of preparation, and its economic importance. The Florida Blue Crab is identified by the color of the claws, and male and female can be told apart by the color as well. Male crabs have blue claws all the way along their length, while female crabs have red tips. The crab is classified as Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and comes as both a..."

Tags:florida, blue, crabs

Abstract
This paper discusses various experiments that process of the hermit crab selecting his home in empty gastropod shells is the subject of much research: The way the crab makes a decision as to what shell to select and what shell to reject. The author says that the researcher can alter the shells so they convey different information to the animal, after which the consequences can be determined. The paper explains that motivational models can be developed to explain the timing of decisions over empty shells, and these can in turn be incorporated into models created to explain agonistic interactions.

From the Paper
"Conover reports on a study on shell selection by the hermit crab that studied the Pagurus pollicaris in a natural population and in laboratory experiments. The crabs were collected in Tampa Bay south of St. Petersburg, Florida. An excess of shells was available in this area because only 53 percent of the available shells were occupied by hermit crabs. Records were kept of all collected gastropod shells as to species and whether or not they were inhabited by a hermit crab. Various comparisons were made between shells as to size, weight, amount of epifauna, and so on. When the weight of the shell was increased by 25 percent or so either by its natural epifauna or artificially, hermit crabs continued to occupy shells of the same size and volume. This suggests that shell volume is more important than weight in the selection of a shell. Other experiments shifted the angle of the shell axis and position of the shell's center of gravity, which often resulted in an aversion to the altered shells by hermit crabs. This suggested that the crabs select shells on the basis of several shell traits bearing on protection provided by the shell or by the ease with which the shell can be carried."

Tags:behavior, shells, interaction, motivation, traits

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion about crabbing in the Chesapeake Bay. Crab is a delicacy that is served in fine restaurants across the nation. The crabbing industry has thrived for many years out of the bay however, recent reports of environmental and animal preservation have moved to the forefront of the news. The author believes crabbing should be banned from the bay.

Abstract
Discusses different kinds of Hermit Crabs, their habitats and their characteristics. Usefulness in research. Series of activities of Hermit Crabs value for research into decision-making. Importance of shells and skill selection behavior. Ability of researchers to observe the assessment procedure of the crabs. Various experiments on Hermit Crabs in reference to animal behavior; response to stimuli.

From the Paper
"Hermit crabs usually are found in empty gastropod shells, seeking protection from predators, desiccation, and other hermit crabs. The hermit crab does not seem to select a place to stay at random but rather appears to have a selection process. Precisely what this process is and how the crab makes a decision as to what shell to select and what shell to reject is the subject of much research.
Hermit crabs are crustaceans that live in the wild in the western Atlantic. They mate on land near the sea, and once the eggs develop, the female carries the eggs on her abdomen to the sea and leaves them on wet sand or a wet rock for the tide to carry out to sea. There are usually 1,000 to 50,000 eggs at a time. At sea, the crabs are small larvae that molt several times in order to grow to adulthood. At the adult larvae stage..."

Tags:SCIENCE, Habitats

Abstract
The paper discusses the hypothesis that injections of pigment dispersing hormone (PDH) will result in abnormal darkening of fiddler crabs, even when returned to a white background. The paper discusses how the color changes in response to the environment in the fiddler crab helps us understand the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The paper looks at the methods, results and factors that might have affected the results of this experiment. The paper concludes that this study is an important step in the understanding of hormonal dispersal in many living creatures, possibly even in higher vertebrates.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements

From the Paper
"The study of neuroendocrine controls in lower invertebrates can provide important clues to the functioning of these systems in higher vertebrates, such as humans. Some of the hormones found in invertebrates are unique and do not exist in higher species. However, some of the hormones, such as peptidic and lipidic hormones are quite close to those found in their vertebrate counterparts (LaFont, 2000). This makes the understanding of crustacean hormones important for the understanding of the hormonal reactions of higher species as well. This research cannot be directly applied to higher order vertebrates, but it can give us important clues as to in which direction research needs to proceed in the development of a better understanding of higher order vertebrate endocrinology."

Tags:hormones, vertebrates, chromatophorotropins

Abstract
This paper examines how Major General Hobart was given an assigned task during World War II to develop some of the most unusual pieces of military equipment ever seen. It looks at how Hobart and his division designed tanks that were named "Hobart's Funnies" and how among these specialized tanks were the Bobbin, Crab, Fascine, Small Box Girder, Crocodile, AVRE Recovery vehicle, ARC Mark II, Bulldozer and the DD Tank. It shows how these tanks were important because they helped the Allies overcome German obstacles and made a huge difference in the D-Day operations.

From the Paper
"Percy Hobart graduated from the Royal Military Academy in 1904 where he was commissioned into the Royal Engineers. He served in India, France, and Iraq during World War I, where he gained the respect of his comrades and became know as a "Brilliant but independent-minded officer". Hobart believed that tanks were the future of ground warfare and joined the brand-new Royal Tank Corps in 1923. He then became a Colonel in 1928 and in 1934 he formed and gained command of the 1st Tank Brigade, where he began to develop new tank tactics in the content of mobile warfare. "

Tags:tanks, bobbin, crab, germany, bulldozer

Abstract
This paper explains that the most important ingredients in spring rolls are Chinese transparent noodles, crab meat, small onion, lean ground pork, shrimp paste and egg roll skins. The author points out that these ingredients were originally produced in China, recent trends in globalization have meant that it is possible if not more common to obtain these ingredients from all over the world. The paper relates the difficulty of obtaining food origin information and the need to use websites instead of academic sources.

From the Paper
"The most important ingredients in spring rolls are Chinese transparent noodles, crab meat, small onion, lean ground pork, shrimp paste and egg roll skins. Although all of these ingredients were originally produced in China, recent trends in globalization have meant that it is possible if not more common to obtain these ingredients from all over the world. Globalization greatly clouds the picture when ingredient origins are being studied."

Tags:origin, of, foods