Abstract The paper discusses the importance of knowing CPR and first aid. The focus of the paper is the growing rate of cardiovascular disease and the problems with not enough people knowing how to properly perform CPR. This paper cites references to lives being saved by those who know it, references the new offerings of the American Heart Association and makes appropriate recommendations.
From the Paper "According to the American Heart Association, 335,000 Americans die each year from sudden cardiac arrest before they reach a hospital; and an astounding 80 percent of these heart attacks happen in the victim's home while a family member watches helplessly. In a situation like this the estimated survival rate is less than 5 percent. The American Heart Association believes that the proper application of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can double the heart attack victim's chance of surviving until either Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) arrive with an ambulance for transport or the patient arrives through other means to the hospital or their physician's office. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique and skill that most people should be trained and certified in but that few are. As Bill Radford states, only 5 million individuals per year..."
Abstract This paper proposes to study the topic of CPR and family presence from a perspective of a medical wellness need from both a nursing and physician point of view. The paper also researches the area of patient response to family involvement in CPR actions along with the primary objective of family presence during CPR procedures.
Problem Statement and Rationale
Research Question
Proposed Testable Hypotheses
Proposed Research Design
Investigative Variables
Research Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Sampling Procedure
Measurement Instrument
Study Limitation
Data Analysis
Ethical Considerations
From the Paper "The practice of medicine is oftentimes a stressful encounter, a grueling practice, and a crucial time wherein split second decisions must be made. As such medical practitioners are oftentimes at odds not only with respect to the type of patient resuscitation needed but also who should perform the procedure and who should be present during the life-threatening situation. Agreement on any one of these tenets has never been totally garnered nor has there been any significant research investigation particularly into the concept of family presence during CPR. "
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that every workplace environment, regardless of the amount of hazards or type of environment, should have a basic first aid, CPR and blood born pathogen training program or, at the very least, an emergency response plan. The writer maintains that the benefits and needs for proper employee training and precautions in such areas as first aid, CPR and blood borne pathogen protection are essential in today's business world. Not only may such training save a life, it will ensure that all employees are properly protected and, if all standards are properly followed, may protect the employer from potential areas of liability. The writer concludes that for this reason, all employers should, at a minimum, offer its employees a basic course in first aid and CPR.
From the Paper "Cariopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is an emergency first procedure used on a victim of cardiac arrest. Although CPR is part of the emergency medical provider's chain of survival, which includes early access to emergency medical services, early CPR, early defibrillation and early advanced care, it is a procedure that can be performed by laypersons. In fact, because CPR is such a vital component in saving a person's lives, it is highly advised that all people become fully trained in CPR procedures. This is especially true in the workplace setting.
"CPR is a skill that must be learned from professional training and through regular practice and review courses. Typically training involves hands-on practice using a resuscitation mannequin. Like all first aid procedures, CPR is a skill that should be learned at the beginning of an employment relationship and not as a reaction to an employment emergency situation. Because CPR is such a specific procedure, it is best if it is taught by an expert, which will allow the person to perform CPR in an effective and safe manner."
Abstract This paper lists the objectives of the aquatics director of the Wonder World day care center in order to prevent children from drowning. It discusses how she intends that all her staff are fully trained in CPR and First Aid in order to save lifes and for the good of the personnel in order to advance their careers. It details the costs and funding for these training plans and how they will be implemented without impeding on current workload.
From the Paper "As aquatics Director at Wonder World Day Care Center it is my job to ensure that the children placed in our care are kept safe. A situation has come to my attention that could not only cause a safety concern for the children, but could have potential liability issues attached to it for the center. Aquatics is a dangerous area for the children due to the potential for drowning. It is necessary for children to have direct and constant supervision in this area. Another part-time nurse and myself are the only personnel trained in CPR and First Aid care at the facility. When the part time person is not present, I am the only person trained in life-saving techniques."
Abstract This paper discusses cardiopulmonary resuscitation,often abbreviated to CPR, a potentially life-saving procedure to temporarily restore blood flow and breathing to a person whose heart and lungs have stopped. It also looks at how the phrase is sometimes used to refer to interventions used to attempt to save patients already hospitalized, as well as to skills any person can acquire and use on a loved one or total stranger in an emergency. It looks at the discovery and development of the process, whether it actually works, and also discusses its limitations.
From the Paper "CPR by itself is unlikely to save a person's life. The best outcomes occur when CPR is followed by defibrillation as soon as possible followed by intensive medical support at a medical center. Unless CPR is begun within 4 - 6 minutes of when breathing has stopped, the person is likely to suffer significant brain damage, so early intervention is crucial. If there is only one person who is not strong enough to do both breathing and chest compressions, then chest compressions should be done. If the person's hear resumes beating, often the person will begin breathing again as well. Together, the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross train more than five million people each year in CPR (De Milto, 1999)."
Abstract This paper discusses unilateral DNR, or do-not-resuscitate orders, placed in the chart of patients without the consent of the patient or the patient's family. They are used when CPR would be futile. The paper then describes the ethical controversy involved with this issue--that many fear physicians could abuse this practice. The author argues that policies must be in place to safeguard against abuse. A model unilateral DNR policy is presented.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature and Analysis
Explore Options
Apply Rule Ethics
Position
Considerations For Practice
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the early 1960s, CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation came into use. CPR was originally developed for patients who suffered a cardiac arrest secondary to anesthesia. The practice of CPR quickly became the standard of care for all patients suffering cardiac arrest. With advancements in technology the norm has become aggressive treatment until death. From the earliest days of CPR, few issues have been more contentious than whether a physician may determine, without patient or surrogate consent, that CPR is not indicated(Leonard, 1999). According to the Journal of Critical Care Medicine, by the late 1960s articles began to appear in medical literature, which described the agony many terminally ill patients experienced from repeated resuscitations that only prolonged their death (Burns, 2003). Because of the suffering caused by CPR performed on patients with terminal illnesses, hospital staff began using the unethical practice of slow codes or show codes. Orders not to resuscitate evolved in the early 1970s."
Abstract The paper reviews the life of James Hill (1838-1916), founder of the Great Northern railroad, and nicknamed "the Empire Builder". The paper also notes Hill's early involvement with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and analyzes his successes in building and marketing his rail lines. The paper then analyzes the CPR and its effects on Canadian development, and reviews the earlier development of the canal infrastructure which provided waterways between the United States and Canada at the start of the 19th century. Next, the paper focuses on the Maritime Provinces and what has been written about them by various authors. Then the paper changes focus to what those writers have to say about the rest of Canada, returning to their views of travel on Canada's railroads, and especially the CPR. In conclusion, the paper finds that travel writers describe the country best when they focus on railroads and travel by rail.
From the Paper "A man of penetrating commercial vision, Hill foresaw the growth of trade with the Pacific Rim. His road would bridge this traffic from the Pacific Northwest, where he saw the logical port of entry to markets back east. He would haul cotton from the South for export to the Orient, and his freight cars would return filled with lumber from the Northwest to build the heartland. Notwithstanding his view on trains that carry people, the flagship passenger train of his Great Northern bore his nickname, the Empire Builder."
Abstract This paper discusses how CPR administration methods since the 1950's have largely remained unchanged, although medical understanding of how the human body reacts to sudden cardiac reperfusion has greatly advanced. The writer describes a recent change in CPR procedure by the American Heart Association, and the use of advanced external defibrillators (AED's). The writer explains some of the medical advances in cardiac reperfusion methods, such as total liquid ventilation (TLV), and describes studies that were carried out to find the best reperfusion techniques. This paper contains a table.
From the Paper "First responders are always trained to provide the latest protocol for administering CPR. However, most people fall into three categories: never trained in CPR, fully trained and current, or fully trained but not current. A lot of people are turned off by the nature of administering CPR instead opting to do nothing rather than face a possible lawsuit if it is done improperly. Still others fear getting a disease from contact with mucus/saliva or blood born pathogens. With all of the infectious diseases carried throughout our society it is little wonder that a person would hesitate to perform resuscitation on a total stranger. As to the liability issue of performing CPR, most if not all states have a "Good Samaritan" law which precludes anyone receiving CPR from suing if they are injured as a result of the act. Chest compressions during CPR almost always result in broken ribs even when administered by first responders who do it for a living."
Abstract The paper reviews the disaster plan put out by Queens, N.Y. It shows that awareness about the importance of Community Disaster plans is on the rise and the American Red Cross and fire department are doing their best to educate the community of Queens, New York. The paper shows that what is important is that the disaster plan is practiced regularly and carried out as planned during times of emergency. It surmises that the disaster plan is very effective and covers nearly all issues helping to save more lives and property.
From the Paper "The Disaster Plan although very useful and helpful can be further improved upon by giving more importance and consideration to a few issues. The most important is working out a plan on how to help the disabled and handicapped members of the neighborhood. This also applies to elderly people who may have mobility problems. Although the above disaster plan applies to them, a few more points should be taken into consideration. The old and the disabled should provide a spare key to their house to any of the nearby neighbors. All emergency health supplies and necessary medicines should be kept within easy reach."
An analysis of the importance of certification for instructors of PALS (Pediatric Advanced Life Support) and NRP (Neonatal Resuscitation Practitioner).
Abstract This paper discusses why it is important for a respiratory practitioner to gain certificates as a PALS (Pediatric Advanced Life Support) instructor, or a NRP (Neonatal Resuscitation Practitioner) instructor. The paper examines why it will advance the practice of the respiratory practitioner. The paper provides a look at what each certificate means to the medical professional, and what the guidelines for each are.
From the Paper "The PALS course teaches guidelines and requirements for resuscitating a child who is in a trauma situation. These requirements include knowing the conditions of risk for cardiopulmonary arrest, the parameters that indicate cardiovascular compromise in the patient, and strategies for prevention of cardiopulmonary arrest in children. Students must demonstrate skills of establishing and maintaining an airway in children. They must also identify the effects of multitrauma in children, and know the sequence and priorities of newborn and pediatric resuscitation. Proper techniques of management and maintenance of proper alignment of the cervical spine in the patient."
Abstract The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a fundamental aspect of the National Policy (1878). As such it played a key role in integrating the west into the new Dominion, in preventing the development of north-south links with the United States and facilitated the economic development of the region.
Abstract This paper briefly looks at heart attacks, which occur when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped, and one or more of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle is blocked. It examines how there are many causes of heart disease, some are controllable, and some are not, and how uncontrollable risk factors include male gender, older age, family history of heart disease, post-menopausal stages, and race. It also look at how risk factors that can be controlled include smoking and inappropriate cholesterol levels. It discusses what the symptoms of an attack are, how a diagnosis is made, and methods of treatment and prevention.
From the Paper "A heart attack is a medical emergency that must be quickly addressed to prevent permanent heart damage or death. CPR should be administered if a person suffering a heart attack goes into cardiac arrest. If possible, it is recommended that the victim chew an aspirin because this drug is an effective inhibitor of blood clots and reduces the risk of death from a heart attack by twenty-five percent. Once at this hospital, a physician suspecting a heart attack will order a ECG or EKG to detect and locate the heart attack by measuring the electrical activity within the heart as well as blood tests to help diagnose a heart attack and to detect any ongoing heart damage. Often treatment is started at this time."
Abstract This paper reports on the current relevant literature on cardiopulmonary bypasses, which provide a temporary substitute for a patient's heart and lungs during the course of open-heart surgery. In particular, it looks at how the memory loss and other cognitive problems long known to result from bypass surgery are often minimized by heart surgeons as being merely transient problems and how there is a need for cerebral protection, since studies have shown that for a substantial minority who undergo this operation, will incur mental impairment years later. A review of the literature is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
Outline
Overview
Need for Cerebral Protection
Cerebral Protection Methods
Technological Developments
From the Paper "Today, the trend is towards providing brain protection with either antegrade or retrograde perfusion during circulatory arrest. The study by Igari et al. and work by others have demonstrated the ability to isolate cerebral perfusion from lower-body perfusion while performing the necessary great vessel anastomoses. A Boston Children's Study that cited by these researchers demonstrated the overall superiority of low-flow versus no-flow that may have applicability to the adult situation as well. In this study, the authors used a moderately hypothermic perfusate, thus decreasing cerebral oxygen consumption. "The combination of hypothermia to decrease metabolic rate and moderate-flow perfusion to wash out metabolites provides cerebral protection" (Igari et al., 1999, p. 108)."
Abstract This paper explains why it is unethical and impractical to expect people to sign a DNR order as part of their health care plan when, at the time of signing, they are perfectly healthy. It uses real medical cases illustrating why doing so is problematic and to argue that DNRs, while justified at times, can often be unsuitable for persons to specify in advance for any medical condition that may arise.
From the Paper "A 'Do-Not-Resuscitate' - DNR Order from an adult patient directs the medical staff not to attempt to restore the patient if his breathing or heartbeat has blocked. This means that doctors, nurses and other health care practitioners will not start emergency procedures like mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, external chest compression, electric shock, and insertion of a tube to open your airway, injection of medication into your heart or open chest. Additionally, the Health Care Proxy Law permits an adult patient to employ someone to make decisions about DNR and other treatments if the patient is not capable of doing the same. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - CPR refers to the medical procedures employed to revive a patient's heart and breathing when the patient experiences heart failure. CPR may include minor efforts such as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and external chest compression. Sophisticated CPR may include electric shocks, inserting of a tube to open the patient's airway, injecting medication into the heart and in complex difficult cases, open chest heart massage. "
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of situations resulting from nurses' decisions. More specifically, the paper describes and analyzes a situation involving a nurse and a patient from the viewpoint of each of the relevant shareholders. Ethical principles and standards of practice are then discussed in relation to the situation described and it is argued that not only can the nurse's actions not be defended but they demonstrate her potential for harm to all patients.
Outline:
The Nurse's Actions
Jacob as Stakeholder and Informed Consent
Other Stakeholders
Accountability
Respect for the Client
Justice
Fidelity
Principle of Respect for Autonomy
Applicable Legislation
Theoretically Defensible Decision
The Situation as Challenge
From the Paper "The CNA (2002) maintains that autonomy or self-determination refers to an individual's right to make choices about her or his own course of action. Nurses respect and promote the autonomy of clients by respecting their choices and informed decisions. According to Beauchamp and Childress (2001), every person has personal autonomy or self-rule that is free from any controlling interference by other people as well as being free from limitations such as lack of understanding. In order to have autonomy, there must be freedom from any type of influences and agency which refers to the capacity for intentional action. A person such as Jacob has to be free to make choices and not have those choices negated by a nurse who imposes her own values and assumptions on the situation. "
