Abstract
This paper discusses the events of September 11th, provides a detailed description of what happened and sets out the reactions of government leaders around the world who were quick to recognize the need for a coordinated response to the attacks. The paper examines the need for the use of effective international law to combat this global problem.

From the Paper
"On September 11, 2001, four teams of hijackers commandeered four separate planes. Following carefully laid plans made months and even years before, they removed the pilots from the cockpits, and took over flying the planes themselves. The first plane, American Airlines flight #11, crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:40 AM Eastern time; the second plan, United flight #175, crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center at 9:05 AM; the third plane, American Airlines #73, crashed into the Pentagon outside of Washington, D.C. at 9:43 AM; but the fourth one crashed in rural Pennsylvania after the passengers, realizing that the United States was under attack, attempted to gain control of the plane. At 10:00 AM, that plane crashed. No one knows exactly what happened on the fourth plane, but it is known that the civilians on that plane thwarted a fourth attack, probably on a target in Washington, D.C."

Tags:911, bin, laden, taliban, al, qaeda, palestine, afghanistan, pakistan

Abstract
This paper deals with the Canadian rule of law concerning the enforcement of a judgment secured from a court outside of Canada. Taking the form of a legal argument to be submitted to the Canadian Supreme Court, it argues that the law requires the courts of Canada to enforce judgments secured in Singapore. It cites law review articles and case law.

From the Paper
"The Court has consolidated appeals in "Oakwell Engineering Ltd. v. Enernorth Industries Inc." (2006) O.J. No. 3658 (dismissing Enernorth's motion to submit fresh evidence), and "State Bank of India v. Navarantna" (2002) O.J. No. 1203 (allowing defendant's motion to require a complete affidavit of documents), to bring to the Court the issues: (1) should Canadian courts consider the independence and impartiality of the tribunals in a foreign legal system in which a judgment has been rendered in determining whether to enforce the judgment; (2) should they do so when the foreign court exercises jurisdiction under..."

Tags:judgment, attornment, enforcement

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses due process of the law, which is a term that has been used for many years. The writer notes that the general principle of this term is that everyone is entitled to a day in court when he or she has been accused or charged with a violation of the law. In addition, the due process of law mandates the belief that each person's case should be fully explored and heard before any judgment is rendered with regard to that case. The writer explains that the due process of law protects people from being deprived of their life, liberty or property as well as any rights that have been given to them by legislation or statute. The writer concludes that with illegal immigration being a hot topic throughout the nation it is important to understand how due process and equal protection of the law impacts those immigrants.

Outline:
Equal Protection of the Law
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This is interesting because for many years after the development of the constitution, African Americans were not treated equally. When they finally one the right to vote, their vote only counted as two thirds of a whole vote and they were allowed to be forced to sit at the back of the buses, and sent to Black only schools and other places that were designed specifically for that race. When it came to the law they were also discriminated against as they were treated differently in courts and jails and not afforded the same right to jury trials as their white counterparts were."
"Eventually this was challenged enough times that law makers made it clear all people meant all people, not just whites, or men or a certain economic group. It meant each and every person is to be afforded the same protection by the same laws."

Tags:court, violation, judgment, justice

Abstract
Since the end of the Second World War, the number of international bodies dedicated to maintaining peace a general rule of law among nations has grown exponentially. This paper examines one of the more prominent of these international bodies, namely the International Court of Justice, and look at its history, organizational structure and duties in an effort to ascertain its role within the modern international system. The paper also reviews the key historical cases, treaties and current activities of the court inasmuch as these items have and will continue to shape the court far in the future.

Tags:international, court, justice

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is a legal body within the construct of the European Union (EU) that handles legal disputes and defends the Treaties of the European Union or, in essence, it ensures the integrity of European law in all forms. The writer points out that the ECJ maintains jurisdiction over disputes that involve all member states of the EU as well as institutions therein or individuals thereof.

Tags:court, justice

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the issue of social science as it affects lawmaking and examines an issue that has the potential to become new policy--the rising rate of deaths due to amusement park rides. Using the case of Gabriela Garin as an example, a hypothetical court case is outlined.

From the Paper
"An issue surfacing in recent news stories with implications for the law is the unprecedented number of deaths related to amusement park rides. Just in the past few weeks alone several new deaths have occurred including a year-old girl who lost consciousness on the Rock n Roller Coaster at a Disneyland resort before dying and four separate deaths at Rye Playland Frost Rye Playland."

Tags:sociology, law, amicus curiae, brief, social science, amusement park, death, accident, ride, Playland, Disneyland

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that law can be classified in different ways. The writer notes that such classification is a useful exercise in learning and for obtaining an overview of the subject as it helps one to break up a large topic into manageable proportions. However, the writer points out that it must be remembered that the classification of law is an arbitrary exercise and there is no absolute or "right way" of categorizing law. In this paper, some of the ways in which law can be categorized are discussed.

Outline:
Civil Law and Criminal Law
Classification by Subject
Classification by Scope
Classification by Origins of Law
Procedural Law vs. Substantive Law
References

From the Paper
"Perhaps the simplest way to classify law is to divide it in two broad categories: civil law and criminal law. In such a classification, one can assume that civil law is all law other than criminal law. Hence in this type of grouping, all laws other than criminal law such as property law, contract law, tort, commercial, and administrative law fall under the broad heading of civil law and are dealt with by the civil courts. As opposed to this, criminal law is dealt with by criminal courts."
"Such categorization of law is useful because it highlights the differences between civil and criminal law, which are important to understand the intricacies of legal systems of countries such as the United States."

Tags:criminal, administrative, courts, legal, systems

Abstract
This paper discusses how today's jurisprudence systems reflect the ideal of maintaining Constitutional rights in regards to personal freedoms, while courts maintain order based on society's moral values. The author argues that America's justice system is flawed, and for any reform to be attained it is up to the people and policy-makers to challenge and question the system.

From the Paper
"Every independent country has its own legal system, from the most primitive people, to the most advanced societies. The systems vary according to each country's social traditions and form of government. Most systems can be classified as either a common law system or a civil-law system. Most English-speaking countries have a common-law legal system, which have laws for civil acts and criminal acts (World Book, 2006: 132). Examples for these countries are The United States, Canada, and Great Britain. Most other countries have a civil-law system, for example France and Mexico. Many countries combine features of both systems. Common-law systems are based mostly on case law, which means court decisions. This began in England hundreds of years ago (World Book, 2006: 132). Civil-law systems are based mostly on statutes, or legislative acts. The majority of civil-law countries have formulated their statutes into carefully organized collections called codes. In common law countries statutes, rather than the courts, have the final say in any question of law (World Book, 2006: 132)."

Tags:law courts, judicial system, federal government, legal system

From the Paper
"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.

Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law