Abstract
The paper explores the stance of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in regards to its policy of accession with developing countries and specific restrictions on trade for other countries. The paper focuses on Kyrgyzstan and further developments of the WTO with Russia and China. The paper provides a brief synopsis on globalization and capital to shed light on the effects of trade on the global economy.

From the Paper
"The World Trade Organization has, since the Doha Ministerial Conference in 2001 had at the center of its policy the enhancement of developing countries with trade. The Committee on Trade and Development deals with economy issues facing less developed countries (that is less developed in the areas of agriculture, or natural resources) and works on trade related issues that may arise from such shortcomings.
"Another area by which the WTO has interacted with developing countries is through technology. The WTO has set forth specific goals for accessible technologies to be traded between countries whether or not they are developing or already developed in technology. Agriculture and technology are key components of the Doha Ministerial Conference because they allow for multilateral trade. The WTO has two-thirds of its members as developing countries so their inclusion in policy and multilateral trade is essential to the role of the World Trade Organization (Ingco 2004)."

Tags:developing, countries, trade, globalization, economy

Abstract
The paper is a brief research in to the issue of the fundamentalist Islamic societies such as, Saudi Arabia and other related countries, where men abuse Islam to oppress women.

Tags:islamic, countries, women

Abstract
This paper discusses how like everything else in life, the Internet has its darker side and how the developing countries experience it more than the developed countries. In particular, it examines how certain countries in Asia are dealing with theses negative impacts. The countries looked at are Malaysia, India and the Philippines and how they are dealing with the digital divide; Thailand, India and China and how they are dealing with exclusion by language; and Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam and Singapore and how they are dealing with cultural pollution.

Outline:
Abstract
Table of contents
Chapter one - Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Relevance of the Research
1.6 Scope and Limitation
1.7 Research Methodology
Chapter two - Literature Review
2.1 Early History of the Internet: The First Twenty Years
2.2 The Internet and Developing Countries
2.2.1 Internet Statistics - Host Distribution and User Demography
2.2.2 Cost and Fees
2.3 Positive Impacts of the Internet on Developing Countries
2.3.1 Education and Research
2.3.2 Health
2.3.3 Job Transfer into the Third World
2.4 Negative Impacts of the Internet on Developing Countries
2.4.1 The Digital Divide
2.4.2 Exclusion by Language
2.4.3 Cultural Pollution
Chapter Three - Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Nature of the Research
3.1.2 Cost
3.1.3 Accessibility
3.2 Advantages of Library/Desk Research
3.3 Disadvantages of Library/Desk Research
3.1.3 Accessibility
3.2 Advantages of Library/Desk Research
3.3 Disadvantages of Library/Desk Research
Chapter Four - Findings
4.1 Dealing with the Digital Divide
4.1.1 Malaysia and the Multimedia Super Corridor
4.1.2 India and the Software Technology Parks
4.1.3 The Philippines and her Plan to Bridge the Digital Divide
4.2 Dealing with Exclusion by Language
4.2.1 Thailand
4.2.2 China
4.2.3 India
4.3 Dealing with Cultural Pollution
4.3.1 Myanmar (Burma)
4.3.2 Vietnam
4.3.3 Singapore
Chapter Five - Summary of Findings, Limitations of the Study, Suggestions for Further Research and Conclusions
Summary of findings
Limitations of the Study
Suggestions for Further Research
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"In the Philippines, it is a similar story as that of Malaysia and India, in that the government is involved in the attempt to bridge the digital divide. In 2001, Macapagal-Arroyo's administration proved that it was serious about using information and communications technology to eliminate poverty. The president allocated an entire chapter of her economic agenda to bridging the so-called digital divide (Calimag, 2001). The Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Dante Canlas said that in the medium term, the Philippines government was committed to address the digitally disenfranchised, that is those who do not have access to computers. The government, he said, would address the continuing disparities in access to high-quality technologies. He stressed that in order for the country to live up to its goal of becoming a software development center and e-services hub of Asia, it had to strive to give firms and households access to quality information in real time. "

Tags:cultural, pollution

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that achieving universal education is one of the UN's 8 Millennium Development Goals agreed to in 2000 by all the world's countries and the world's leading development institutions. The writer points out that although some progress has been made in increasing the level of education in most countries, a number of third world countries have fallen behind in their effort and are unlikely to achieve the goal by the target date of 2015. The writer outlines the benefits of education and discusses the co-relation between illiteracy and poverty. The writer then reviews the status of education in the third world countries. Finally, the writer enumerates the reasons for high levels of illiteracy in these countries and looks at how they can be overcome.

Outline:
Benefits of Education
Responsibility of Governments in Education and its Social Benefits
Individual/ Private Benefits
Co-relation between Poverty and Literacy
The State of Education in Third World Countries
Reasons for the Continuing Low Education Levels
Overcoming the Barriers
References

From the Paper
"There is a strong correlation between poverty and illiteracy. Wherever literacy rates are lower, poverty rates are invariably higher and vice-versa. The relationship between the two is a vicious circle as poor countries do not have sufficient resources to invest in education; most of the people who survive on incomes of less than 2 dollars a day cannot afford to send their children to school. On the other hand, a low literacy rate is a major barrier against personal improvement and prevents the poorest people to lift themselves out of the poverty trap.
"For example, in third world countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Mozambique and Nepal, 78% or more of the population lives on incomes below US$2 per day, adult literacy rates are below 63%, and the number of adult illiterates exceeds 5 million in each country."

Tags:poverty, illiterate, development, educated

Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the basic tools needed for the economic development of poor and underprivileged countries which include: Capital accumulation, industrialization, foreign aid and development planning. This paper focuses on the years after WWII and up to the 1960s and the economic problems facing poor and under-developed countries. After WWII these countries could not rely on international trade. The less developed countries needed substantial capital and resources to start the industrialization process which would result in more jobs and an increase in productivity which in turn would increase the income of the working class citizen. The writer of this paper discusses the methods and strategies that were utilized to increase productivity in various Latin-American countries. This paper also touches on the World Bank's involvement in assisting these same countries while committing to end poverty and social injustice.

Outline:
Theories of Growth and Modernization
Structuralist Theories
Critique of the Growth and Modernization Models
A Shift to Basic Needs Approach
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The Latin American experience with import substitution together with the fact that a large segment of the population did not get sizable benefits from the growth in the modern industrial sector and the limitation imposed by the domestic market led structuralists to adjust their approach beginning in the 1980's. Among the adjustments were: emphasis on developing the entrepreneurial class to lead in the export thrust without abandoning their basic proposition that development must come from within; redefine the role of the state by deemphasizing control-centered interventions in favor of a more facilitating kind."

Tags:business, import, export, financial, aid, world, bank, growth, industrialization, capital, theory

Abstract
The paper provides an introduction to globalization that addresses its potential benefits as well as its possibility for exploitation and abuse of human rights. The paper looks at the definition and concepts of globalization and discusses how it negatively affects the rural poor communities of developing countries. The paper uses Egypt and India as examples of developing countries that have constructively entered the global economy and addresses the challenges faced by both developing and developed countries in the wake of globalization. The paper shows how globalization has become a much more complicated and integrated issue than in ancient times, and asserts that a large-scale change in attitude is needed if globalization is to truly become a reality for all nations.

Outline:
Introduction
Definition and Concepts of Globalization
The Impact of Globalization on the Econmies of Developing Countries
The Effects of Globalization on Egypt and India
Developing Countries Vs. Industrialized Nations
The Changing Concept of Globalization
Making Globalization a Reality for All
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Egypt State Information Service (2003) refers to this interaction as the "Quiet Dialogue." This is also important in terms of the media, and particularly for the media represented within and by developing countries. Many developing countries now have access to printed and audio-visual media from across the world by means of Internet technology. This access provides these countries with the means to enter into communication and economic interaction within the global arena. On a global scale, the possibilities opened by the Internet are therefore significant in terms of transcending centuries-old limitations imposed by poverty and isolation. Two excellent examples of such empowerment include Egypt and India, which have become important role players on a worldwide economic and cultural scale.
"Another important issue to recognize is that globalization has fairly recently become the subject of increased controversy. This is particularly so in terms of developing countries. Some believe that these countries are bound to be even further victimized and exploited by the most powerful forces in the global financial sector. Others in turn believe that these very countries, as mentioned above, can be empowered to use their cultural, political and natural resources in order to empower themselves and uplift their citizens from the trap of their poverty."

Tags:exploitation, information, flow, cultures, nations, Egypt, India

Abstract
This report uncovers some of the trends in financial integration through globalization do in fact help developing nations grow faster and how financial integration affects macroeconomic volatility. The paper also suggests some benefits of financial globalization and how these scenarios could, if used properly, be fully harnessed. Through an examination of variables such as fixed and floating exchange rates, macroeconomic volatility and the roles played by governments, this report hones in on effects of financial globalization on developing countries. Includes several graphs and tables.
Introduction
Brief History of Globalization and Financial Globalization
Summary and Main Theme of the Paper
Organization of the Paper
Necessary Elements for Successful Financial Globalization
Benefits from Successful Financial Globalization
Conditions of Developing Countries for Accepting Financial Integration
Risks of Financial Globalization for Developing Countries
Does Financial Integration Help Developing Countries Grow Faster?
How Does it Affect Macroeconomic Volatility in These Countries?
How Can the Benefits of Financial Globalization be Fully Harnessed?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another way to harness globalization is to have sound government operations that promote strong and positive investment inflows from the international mutual funds. This government must be fully cognizant that they may have to relinquish some internal power so as to enhance the communication with the established global powers to be. Developing countries also can not overlook the risk factors that come along with the financial globalization. "Capital controls are advocated both as a way of preventing and managing this latter type of crisis, and as a regulatory remedy to mitigate excess borrowing in the first place, when financial regulation is too weak to address the moral hazard incentives of explicit and implicit government guarantees. (Little & Olivei, 1999)
Their independent macroeconomic policies and domestic governance does affect the entire process and an overvalued exchange rate or overextended domestic lending boom could create a global crisis. Developing nations must grasp that transparency entails dealing with international investors who may destabilize a developing country's financial markets if they are allowed to run free. Thus, to best harness and derive the benefits from financial globalization, developing nations must establish a foundation that is based on the volatility of international capital flows, macroeconomic policies and a sound governmental base."

Tags:floating, exchange, rates, international

Abstract
This paper explains that, although no general definition for the term corporate governance exists, it can be viewed as a set of principles and rules by which a company is directed and controlled. Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the author reports, are emphasising sound corporate governance codes to create better economies and consequently more attractive investment climates for future investors. The paper is based on a survey that focuses on the establishment of good corporate governance codes in this region which has been conducted by the Hawkamah Institute for corporate governance in Dubai.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Corporate Governance?
Who Benefits from Good Corporate Governance?
MENA Countries and their Recent Development
Corporate Governance in the MENA Countries - An Overview
Hawkamah Institute for Corporate Governance in Arab Countries
Implementing Corporate Governance: Practice vs. Theory
The Survey
General Findings
Still at the Beginning
Board of Directors
Board Structure
Board Size
Establishing Board Committees
Board Meetings
One Director, One Board? Multiple Directorships
Managerial Labor Market
Executive Compensation, Risk Management
Internal Controls
Internal Audit
External Audit
Audit Committee
Transparency and Disclosure
What is being Disclosed?
Any Barriers Preventing Disclosure?
Shareholder Rights
Family Power in the MENA Region
Women on Boards
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The financial disclosure of a firm includes all the financial information that arise within the company. This covers the bank's or company's balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, statement of equity and additional notes to the statements. There exist certain capital market regulations that enforce both banks and companies to adhere to. Non-compliance with those requirements is sanctioned."

Tags:transparency, women, families, investors, responsibilities

Abstract
This essay shows why developing countries should not fear MNEs. This essay discusses economic factors pertaining to this issue. Following a detailed analysis of the impact of MNEs, the writer demonstrates the case of South Korea, which is one of the 'Four Tigers'. The South Korea case forms an excellent example of the point made here above, namely, that MNEs and their investments need not to be feared but rather be encouraged by developing countries.



1. Introduction
2. Analytical Framework
2.1. The Nature of MNEs and Proposed Investment
2.2. Host Countries' Attributes
3. The Impact of MNEs on Developing Countries
3.1. Resource Transfer Effects
3.1.1. Capital
3.1.2. Technology
3.1.3. Management
3.1.4. Criticisms
3.2. Competition
3.3. Balance of Payments Account
3.4. Employment
4. The Case: South Korea
5. Conclusion
6. Reference List

From the Paper
"Today's global economy characterized by free trade, free flow of capital and to certain extent free flow of management and technical personnel, is embodied by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Since the end of World War II, MNEs have made substantial investment for operating business in many developing countries. History has shown that MNEs, which undertook foreign direct investments (FDI) in developing countries, strongly contributed to the economic growth of these host countries, hence to the improvement of their living standards. The advantages of FDI generated by MNEs outweighed by far the disadvantages of FDI and the presence of MNEs in these countries, respectively. This is exhibited especially in the case of the four Tiger States in Asia, but also in Latin America and partly in Africa. In the end, the free market system has always proved itself as the major catalyst for economic growth."

Tags:asia, direct, enterprises, fdi, foreign, four, investment, korea, mne, mnes, multinational, resource, south, tigers, transfer

Abstract
This paper examines the role of Islamic law and fundamentalist ideology in the growing instances of violence towards women in various Islamic countries. While the paper focuses largely on Pakistan, where religious laws have allowed a disturbing number of atrocious murders against women to go unpunished over the years, the paper also discusses the progress that has been made in some Islamic countries regarding women and the law. The roots of honor killings are examined, as well as the reasons why the violence is always erroneously blamed on Islamic principles. Finally, solutions are proposed regarding what can be done by the international community as well as individual countries in order to protect women.

From the Paper
"In light of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, much media attention has been garnered on Islam and particularly on extremist Islamic factions that support violence. Yet, despite all the focus on international terrorism and violence in the name of religion, there is one brand of terrorism seldomly brought to light; the blatant violence against women that is so prevalent in many Islamic countries. Miriam-Webster dictionary describes terrorism as "the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion." If we are to accept this definition, then we must also accept the fact that women in many Islamic countries are continuously the target of terrorists, and the government, society and often their own families are the very perpetrators of this terrorism. While the means by which women in these countries are terrorized vary greatly in degree (from systematic exclusion of participation in societal roles outside the home to domestic abuse and "honor killings") all similarly cause women to live in constant fear for their safety and lives. As global awareness of these conditions grows, so does the responsibility of helping to protect the women affected by it. By closely examining the conditions and mindsets that allow such horrors to go unpunished, particularly the role of Islam in law, solutions may be yielded and policies instituted to protect the human rights of women, finally putting an end to this neglected facet of terrorism."

Tags:fundamentalism, rape, religious, terrorism, Human, Rights, Commission