Abstract The paper discusses how terrorism has become an international phenomenon due to modern means of technological and digital communication. The paper then explains the need to create a counterterrorism strategy that is defensive but also includes a proactive and integrated approach to the causes that motivate terrorist actions.
Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Causes and Communication
Technology and Counterterrorism Conclusion
From the Paper "It is true that terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human history. Terrorist acts and tactics as a means of attaining social and political ends have been recorded throughout human history. There are however a number of critical differences between the terrorism of the past and modern terrorism. One of these differences is that modern terrorism makes use of contemporary technology, such as computers and the Internet. As one commentator on terrorism states; "....while terrorism has a long history; the current wave of this form of violence has been given impetus by a series of new developments in the post-World War II period. Any analysis of terrorism in the contemporary world must begin with a discussion of these developments" (Evans, 1979, p. 11)."
Tags: terrorism, jihad, cyber-terrorism, communication
Abstract The paper explains the fundamental legal problem with police profiling but illustrates when profiling is certainly a legitimate policing tool. The paper then explores the problem of racial and ethnic profiling from the perspective of counterterrorism. The paper explains that the justification for infringing on the due process and equal protection rights of Islamic individuals is that there is a logical basis behind the increased focus on such people.
Outline:
Background and History of the Problem
The Fundamental Problem with Police Profiling
Profiling as a Legitimate Policing Tool
Racial Profiling and Domestic Terrorism in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "Due process of law is one of the most fundamental concepts in American constitutional law. The right of citizens to live free from the threat of arbitrary or partial enforcement of law by government authorities was foremost on the minds of the Founding Fathers (Dershowitz 2002), inspired by the Colonial experience under British rule preceding the War of Independence. It is expressed in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution with respect to the federal government and, since 1914, has been applied to the states through the Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment (Friedman 2005)."
Abstract This paper evaluates the historical development of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The paper highlights the limitations of the Act and suggests that without recent legislative changes--such as the Patriot Act (2001) and the Terrorist Surveillance Program of 2006--the Act was significantly deficient in providing useful intelligence for counterterrorism efforts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is FISA?
Olmstead v. U.S. (1928)
Katz v. U.S. (1967)
U.S. v. U.S. (1972)
1994 Amendment
PATRIOT ACT
NSA Surveillance Program
Conclusion
From the Paper "There can be little doubt that FISA must be changed and modernized, in order to more effectively combat the threat of international terrorism and ensure the security of the nation. Dra-matic changes in communication technologies in the last thirty years have made many of the pre-conceptions FISA was based on utterly obsolete. Without adapting to the changes in technology, as well as changes in the sources of threats to national security, FISA might be reduced to little more than another anachronistic law. It is important, then, that FISA be critically examined and updated so that it can better respond to the threat of international terrorism and the means of communication that terrorists will inevitable utilize to further their goals."
Abstract This research paper examines the statistics and incidents post-September 11th in which their have been security breaches on aircrafts allowing weapons to be brought on board. Also on the basis of the information and facts presented, predictions about the future of airline security are made.
From the Paper "Terrorism has now and for years past been a word that strikes fear deep into people's hearts. Webster's Dictionary defines terrorism as mass-organized ruthlessness (323). In Zafar Siddiqui's article, "Terrorism statistics just do not add up", he states, "The State Department says that from 1996-2000 there were 676 terrorist incidents directed at the U.S. worldwide," (Siddiqui). Remember, that fact on terrorism is only about incidents directed at the United States and does not include terrorism directed at other countries. "On September 11th, 2001, hijackers rammed jetliners into each of New York's World Trade Center towers, toppling both in a hellish storm of ash, glass, smoke and leaping victims," (Jones). After September 11th, security at all major airports was increased. Though, post-September 11th one is left to ask, can our present security measures really deter weapons from being brought on our airplanes?"
Abstract This paper discusses how identifying and analyzing the 9/11 Commission's comprehensive recommendations for reforming the intelligence community indicates that the Commission was justifiably and deeply concerned about the failure of America's intelligence community to prevent the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington D.C. It looks at how these concerns have led to the implementation of intelligence community reforms which are analyzed throughout the paper.
From the Paper "Comparing and contrasting the 9/11 Commission recommendations with the IRTPA reveals that the IRTPA will improve the FBI's capabilities against international terrorism by enacting into law the 9-11 Commission's recommendations regarding FBI reforms relevant to counterterrorism. These capabilities were expanded because the 9-11 Commission determined that although the FBI had significantly improved its counterterrorism capabilities between 2001 and 2004, further improvement was necessary, particularly in FBI field offices, "for language and surveillance specialists were not well integrated into the FBI's intelligence program, and that analysts were sometimes underutilized." (Jacobson, 2004) "
Abstract The paper asserts that although there are points of the Patriot Act that seem to threaten individual freedom, the basic point of the law was to protect American citizens from further terrorist attacks. The paper argues that those who believe the Patriot Act represents a grave breaking of basic individual freedoms ignore the fact that governmental agencies cannot obtain personal data without the approval of a judge. The paper further contends that the Patriot Act does not break the privacy right stipulated in the Fourth Amendment.
From the Paper "The Patriot Act has generated great controversy since it was signed into law on October 26, 2001. The Act was created as a form of support for the government in the fight against terrorism and it immediately passed as a law after the tragic events of September 11. The opponents of the Patriot Act argue that the law abridges essential freedom and that it allows governmental agencies the right to break basic freedoms guaranteed through the Constitution under the pretext of fighting against terrorism. They claim that every citizen can easily become a victim under this law as it broadens too much the power of governmental authorities to invade the individual freedom."
Abstract The paper refers to the September 11, 2001 terror attacks to show how the terrorism today is characterized by increased sophistication, mainly in terms of technology and communications. The paper then discusses the counterterrorism process that likewise must involve communications and communications-related technologies as well as human resources. The paper emphasizes that by understanding the political and ideological motives behind terrorist groups and their methods, Americans can be prepared to address possible solutions and their efficacy in a wide range of scenarios.
From the Paper "Terrorism reached a new low the morning of September 11, 2001 when perpetrators used three hijacked commercial jets as weapons of mass destruction. Yet terrorists had been plotting against the United States and its allies long before that date and continue to plague freedom-loving citizens of the world. What the events of September 11 marked was the beginning of a new war on terror, a new definition of warfare that would rely less on traditional battlefronts and more and more on technology and advanced intelligence-gathering. The terrorist attacks of September 11 also brought to attention the severity of the threat that fundamentalist Islam had been posing for decades. Until September 11, 2001 that threat had been underestimated or at least it had been in the mainstream media. The new terrorism is characterized by increased sophistication, mainly in terms of technology and communications."
