From the Paper
"While the concept of nonviolence is an ancient concept, it is only in the last few hundred years that scholars have attempted to develop a theory of nonviolent resistance. And it was not until the writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. that such a theory has fully matured into what is known as "compassionate nonviolent resistance." The purpose of this research is to document the evolution of nonviolent resistance from colonial America to its height with Reverend King.
Nonviolence in Early America
Political expressions of nonviolence originated in the United States as early as the 1650s with the establishment of the Quaker church by Margaret Fell and George Fox (Nagler, 1982:73). The Quaker church opposed the use of personal violence as well as participation in wars between states."

Abstract
This paper explains why most popular fad diets, particularly Atkins, are based on faulty, unproven theories. It also describes some of the health problems that may accompany such diet programs.

From the Paper
"It has been commonly known for ages that the food we eat provides us with energy in the form of calories. We consume these calories in our bodies for our body functions - the amount of calories burnt depending mainly on the nature and duration of physical activity and to a lesser degree, on metabolic differences in individuals due to genetic reasons. If our calorie-intake is greater than our calorie-consumption, we put on weight; if our intake is less than our consumption we lose weight. Low carb diets such as Atkins' purport to circumvent this basic fact of nutrition and attribute the weight loss to factors such as insulin resistance, ketosis, and increased fat burning. On closer scrutiny, however, it becomes apparent that such claims have no scientific basis and the low carb fad diets carry significant health risks."

Tags:low-carb, reduced, carbohydrate-intake, proteins, fats, weight, loss, induction, phase

Abstract
This paper relates that, the division of labor suggested in Taylor's theory is still extant in American business; in fact, it is undeniably present in businesses, such as telecommunications, that have both inside and outside functions, both executive/managers and a large complement of workers. The author points out that, while Frederick Taylor's ideas, used in their pure form, might have worked well in a pre-human potential movement era of abundant factory work and climbing wages; in today's labor market, they are likely to be counterproductive, unless balanced with a large amount of input from modern labor relations. The paper concludes that Taylor's emphasis on measurement should be simply a tracking tool, not a management hammer; used as such, it can point to the areas in which human/labor relations might need to step in.

Table of Contents
Division of Labor along with Narrow Specialization
Centralized Decision-Making
Proposed Solution

From the Paper
"Taylor was not the first, by any means, to develop a theory of production. Earlier minds, such as that of economist Adam Smith, were also concerned with the problem of increasing production. Indeed, "Economic theory of production had a promising start with Adam Smith's pin factory" in which Smith explained the benefit of the division of labor. Smith was a perfect precursor to Taylor: he observed "how allotting specialized tasks to pin factory workers led to greater dexterity by the workers and considerable saving of time from moving from task to task and allowed for output of pins to increase from a mere 20 pins to 4,800 pins per worker per day." "

Tags:smith, functions, potential, counterproductive, tracking

Abstract
This paper examines the work motivation theories of Maslow and of Herzberg and relates them to the work environment of JCs Casino, which has a low retention rate. Employees are leaving even to take lower paying jobs. Next, the author indicates that the primary cause of this retention problem is not the physical work environment but the unfair behavior of the pit boss. The paper recommends ways that the problem of counterproductive employee behavior can be improved.

Table of Contents:
Work Motivation Theories Evaluation
Occupational Stressors that Negatively Influence Recruitment and Retention
Job Satisfaction and its Influence on Retention at the Casino
Counterproductive Employee Behavior Occurring at the Casino

From the Paper
"For the supervisors of JCs Casino, the workplace has become counterproductive on a number of different levels; this is a major problem. The problems that may be occurring range from theft of time and money, to violence against other employees and supervisors, to confrontations with customers. To reduce counterproductive behavior and improve the workplace environment supervisors and management can take certain steps. The ethical orientation of each individual must be explored at the initial phase of hiring. References should be checked as they may provide insight into the personality of the perspective employee; however, these measures can become ineffective if the work environment is unfair or biased."

Tags:needs supervisor bias communication, ethical orientation

Abstract
In order to illustrate the ineffectiveness of the current U.S. effort at drug control, this paper compares the current laws prohibiting drug use to the laws regarding alcohol consumption that were in effect during Alcohol Prohibition from 1920 to 1933. The paper points out that, much as the laws during Prohibition were not only ineffective but eventually counterproductive as well, the current U.S. policy on drugs delivers similar consequences. The paper also looks at an alternative correctional program for drug crime and abuse known as harm reduction, and outlines its set of policy beliefs that guide its approach to solving the drug problem. The paper points out that, in spite of the success rate of harm reduction programs in this country and other countries, the U.S. continues with its present ineffective policy, which suggests that other countries place greater emphasis on public health benefits than does the U.S., where moralistic impulses and ideals tend to prevail.

From the Paper
"Alcohol Prohibition from 1920 to 1933 did not work. There are many parallels from this failed effort and the current laws prohibiting drugs in the United States. Alcohol prohibition was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve the health of Americans. According to research, alcohol consumption of alcohol fell at the beginning of Prohibition, but then it subsequently increased. "Alcohol became more dangerous to consume; crime increased and became "organized"; the court and prison systems were stretched to the breaking point; and corruption of public officials was rampant." Instead of measurable gains in productivity or reduced absenteeism, Prohibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending. It led many drinkers to switch to more dangerous substances such as opium, marijuana, patent medicines and cocaine that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition."

Tags:substance, illicit, marijuana, non-medical, pain, relievers, youths, ecstasy, dependence

Abstract
This paper explains that many research studies reveal a central problem facing medical science; within the ambit of objective and scientific methods of verifiability, the theory and praxis of spontaneous remission is both difficult to explain and to prove. The author points out that many studies suggest that accepted formal procedures may be counterproductive for remission especially relating to the important area of the correct type of treatment for specific individuals. The paper stresses that the belief that one can change oneself is influenced significantly by the societal conditions present in the subject's life, which implies that the lack of certain conditions, such as stability and social networks, will increase the likelihood of addiction and substance abase.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Methodological Problems
Formal and Non-Formal Approaches
The Informed Eclectic Approach
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Advocates of the informed eclectic approach are aware that at present the natural remission approach is problematic, with existing treatment programs offering little in the way of treatment alternatives. One of the main obstacles lies in the full acceptance of alternative approaches. Researchers have found that in most instances formal and empirically based treatment programs still tend to dominate. "There is no tried and true, 'state-of-the-art' treatment of choice for alcohol problems. Rather, the state of the art is an array of empirically supported treatment options." Furthermore, there is also the realization that the matching of treatment to patients is an important aspect that needs to be developed."

Tags:eclectic, formal, verifiability, stability, change

Abstract
This paper examines how racial profiling has long been an issue of debate in America and has recently been given a shot in the arm due to due the terrorists' attacks on September 11th. Through a literature review, it attempts to show that, although many feel profiling is a warranted tool necessary to combat crime, a growing number of people have come to view it as not only unjust, but counterproductive to reducing crime.

From the Paper
"Many who condone racial profiling assert that government policy affects not only resources, but, values and behavior as well. However, this is the same argument used concerning welfare policy (Foreman 2001). Policies makers argued that subsidizing unmarried and unemployed mothers created a culture of dependency and that citizens needed to take responsibility for their own lives or government would never be able to effectively combat poverty (Foreman 2001). If authorities believe that "sending out welfare checks with no strings attached sends the wrong message," they must understand that racial profiling does also (Foreman 2001). For if one is to believe that hard work and responsibility is the path to success, then one has to believe that with those equal responsibilities come equal rights."

Tags:discrimination, terrorist, crime, ethnicity, blacks

Abstract
This paper examines the political philosophy of
pacifism which holds that the use of violence by the state, under any circumstances is unethical and counterproductive. The paper assesses whether pacifism can be effective against Nazi-like dictatorships and includes a brief examination of nonviolence, the philosophy of Gandhi and King.

From the Paper
"If we had neither weapons nor soldiers, what would we do if an enemy tried to conquer us," asks Liane Ellison Norman in her essay, Nonviolent Civilian Defense. "What would we do if our government suspended civil liberties, imprisoned, tortured and executed people like us?" (McCarthy, ed. 189). Advocating the pacifist principle, Norman goes on to contend that the modern state does not need a conventional army to protect itself. Nonviolent defense strategy, Norman goes on to argue, provides an effective defense mechanism that surpasses that of conventional armies, the cause of so much chaos and destruction throughout history. Relying on the principle that the "conquer is meaningless unless the conqueror is able to govern," and evoking the beliefs and practices of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Norman and other pacifists argue that the methods of nonviolent civil disobedience "strikes, marches, sit-ins, etc." can replace modern warfare. It is therefore argued that the use of violence by the state, under any circumstances, is unethical and counterproductive."

Tags:civil, disobedience, gandhi, germany, holocust, just, king, luther, martin, militarism, nazi, nonviolence, pacifism, terrorism, war

Abstract
This paper examines the war on drugs. It begins by examining the origins of the war and its goals. It then assesses its consequences and 'success'. It concludes that the war on drugs is counterproductive as prohibition of alcohol was under the Volstead Act. It advocates other interventions to reduce drug addiction and its impacts.

Abstract
This paper, while agreeing that the use of violence is often a more effective way for a movement to achieve its political or social objectives, contends that all peaceful methods should be exhausted before considering violent methods. It goes on to present several arguments to support this position and to reference events in the past where violent measures were counterproductive.

From the Paper
"Leaders of the civil rights movement had a multitude of strategies to consider. These included classic civil disobedience, education campaigns, coalition building, threats of violence, and urban riots. Looking back, each option can be evaluated in terms of its ethics and effectiveness. Non-violent means are certainly the most ethical, while violent means are frequently more effective in attaining movement goals in the short-term. In order to determine what should be done, peace needs to be the guiding principle. Therefore, leaders of an ideal movement need to exhaust all of the conservative approaches first, leaving civil disobedience as a last resort. "

Tags:civil, disobedience, education, campaigns, coalition, building, threats, riots