Abstract The paper explores the various forms of desktop counterfeiting and the efforts that are made to counteract counterfeiting.
From the Paper "America's fastest-growing means of fraud is known as desktop counterfeiting. Using low-cost personal computer-based publishing systems, counterfeiters have become able to forge virtually any kind of paper document or certificate. Checks, bank notes, passports, Social Security cards, birth certificates, stock and bond certificates, automobile titles, bus and train passes, food stamps and even grocery story coupons from the Sunday newspaper are all vulnerable to desktop counterfeiting."
Abstract The paper analyzes the mechanisms by which National Drug Regulatory Authorities in "Developing" Nations and "Developed" Nations address counterfeit pharmaceutical issues with an emphasis on regulatory authorities in Nigeria and the United States. The research indicates that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is working to guarantee that consumers are protected from counterfeit drugs and the adverse effects that they produce. The research also reveals that some of the strategies taken are successful but much more must be done to control the influx of counterfeit drugs coming into the country through the Internet and shipments. In Nigeria counterfeit drugs are a serious and widespread problem. Though the government has made a concerted effort to combat counterfeit pharmaceuticals and has been successful in some respects, the problem is so widespread and has existed for so long that it is difficult to remedy.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals and the Problems they cause in the United States and Nigeria
Counterfeiting in the United States and other Developed Nations
Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria
Regulatory Authorities in the United States and how they Plan to Combat the Distribution of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
Regulatory Authorities in Nigeria and how they Combat the Distribution of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper "According to the American Food and Drug administration (FDA) counterfeit drugs are defined as fake medicine that may be contaminated or contain the incorrect or no active ingredients (Consumer Education: Counterfeit Medicine). According to the World Health organization researchers have found an abundance of counterfeit drugs throughout the globe. The most common counterfeit drugs were homemade counterfeits, mislabeled measurements and insufficient active ingredients. The World Health Organization reports that
"Counterfeit medicines are deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled medicines with respect to identity and/or source...Counterfeiting applies to both branded and generic products, and ranges from the illegal use of copyrighted commercial brands to manufacturing fake medicines. Counterfeiting is a far more pronounced problem in developing countries. National measures alone have not been proven adequate to combat this activity (Counterfeit Medicines)." "
This paper discuses the history and the effects of counterfeiting money on the economy of governments with particular focus on the United States of America.
Abstract This paper explains that, in the U.S. and other countries, counterfeit money production has significant effects on law and policy development, on a country's behavior towards other nations, and on overall security. The author points out that the history of counterfeiting dates back as far as the history of money itself. The paper relates that, historically, there is not much governments can do to prevent counterfeiting except make legal threats and create bills that are difficult to forge. The author points out that today, even though bills are becoming increasingly more complex, common technology, such as laser printers and personal computers, are making it possible for even the most amateur counterfeiters to create and pass off fake bills. The paper stresses that the major problems caused by international counterfeiting are hyperinflation by too much money being put into circulation and the use of counterfeit money to support terrorist operations and organized crime.
From the Paper "Many of these new world counterfeiters were masters at their craft. When paper bills of credit were issued, it was easy for these counterfeiters to send copies to Germany, Amsterdam, Ireland, or England to have plates and actual forgeries made. Having bills printed in Europe possessed the advantage that the counterfeiting of American bills in Europe was not illegal. Also, the threat of being caught was very remote. Samuel Ford, a "really gifted artist," could produce bills that fooled provincial treasurers. Counterfeiting became such a problem in Virginia in 1773 that the business of the colony became idle."
Abstract This paper hypothesizes that counterfeiting of luxury goods influences the incomes the "victim" company receives. Specifically, the paper discusses counterfeiting in relation to Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton. The paper describes one of the ways possible to investigate the problem of counterfeiting; instead of reviewing damages the company has, the paper investigates how the anti-counterfeit activity can help it to raise their profits.
From the Paper "On the surface, the information offered in balance sheets and income statements help answer a variety of questions about a firm's ability to do business, its profitability, or its value as an investment. Just beneath the surface of these statements lies a wealth of information that can be easily uncovered by computing certain financial ratios. A financial ratio shows the relationship between two elements of a balance sheet or income statement. Financial ratios offer keen insights into a firm's present health and its future potential."
Abstract The paper discusses product counterfeiting, a significant problem in the marketplace, as companies that do all the research and development can be seriously undercut by counterfeit product sellers who then sell to willing consumers. The paper notes that this is not the only problem associated with counterfeit products. The paper discusses the many hidden costs to legitimate companies and gives such examples as legal fees, investigative expenses and brand protection and enforcement, which cost significant amounts to companies. The paper also relates that most companies are not fully aware of their expenses in such matters, let alone how much real loss of sales occur. Lastly, the paper explains that there is significant job loss that is associated directly with the production and distribution of counterfeit products in the global market.
From the Paper "In the early part of the new millennium the federal government began to strengthen and make more enforceable the legislative statutes that allow for the enforcement of intellectual property rights. The government created a task force to address infringement issues and more clearly illuminate legislative standards. In fact the US government task force came to the conclusion that counterfeiting has not only economic, social, legal and safety concerns associated with it but may also contribute significantly to the funding of terrorist cells and actions. "
Abstract This paper explains that counterfeiting is a huge problem for the pharmaceutical industry because it relates to direct liability. The author points out that some companies are using a security triangle, which is a three-tiered approach to security measures in packaging: An overt features such as holograms, deterrents on currency such as pen reactive inks and activities in the arena of forensic technology. The paper states that, the FDA has postponed implementation of federal drug pedigree rules three times since first calling for it in the 1987 Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA).
From the Paper "This problem becomes even more complicated when introducing online sales of prescription products. How is it possible to make sure that the authentic product is being purchased, plus at the right quantity and correct price? Another problem is buying from other countries. In July 2004, according to a report issued by the FDA, counterfeit versions of Merck s cholesterol medication Zocor (simvastatin), as well as carisoprodol, a genetic muscle relaxer, were imported from Mexico by Americans looking for cheap prescription drugs. Tests on the drugs, however, showed the counterfeit Zocor did not contain any active ingredients, and the counterfeit carisoprodol differed in potency compared with the authentic product."
Abstract This paper discusses the history and current phenomenon of the counterfeiting of fashion items such as clothing, shoes and handbags (known as knock-offs). It describes how the demand for knock-offs has risen and how they are manufactured. The paper then discusses the legal position with regards to knock-offs and what can be done to prevent their production.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Origin of the Knockoff
Knockoffs: A New Aspect of the Global Economy
Strategies for Manufacturing Counterfeit Products
Fashion Knockoffs and the Law
Proving Infringement
Possible Adaptations to Laws for Proving Infringement
Can Knockoffs Be Stopped?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Given the difficulty of preventing the copying of clothing and other high-end fashion designs, it is equally difficult to prove that a design has indeed been pirated. Of course, the situation is easier when there is a clear infringement of the rights of the original designer as in the case of a counterfeited product that bears the name of the actual designer but was manufactured illegally. Fake Louis Vuitton bags that actually bear the Louis Vuitton name can of course hopefully be tracked back to their points of origin. The real problem comes when a design is clearly copied but is not sold under the name of the original designer. It has been suggested that designers avoid these problems by employing technologies that will definitely identify their work as their own. Nano-textiles for example, are minute magnetic particles that can be inserted into a fabric and detected only by special equipment. Nano-textiles would, in effect, represent a "signed" original that could only be counterfeited with great difficulty. Principally, short of dramatically changing the laws regarding intellectual property rights to fashion designs, a similar garment, shoe, handbag, etc. must be equipped with something that can actually be trademarked, patented, or copyrighted in order for its authenticity to be proved or disproved."
An analysis of the novels "Counterfeit Ladies" by an anonymous author and "Moll Flanders" by Daniel Defoe exploring two differing views of the value and purpose of work.
Abstract The paper explains how both novels deal with the struggle of the female character to find a suitable occupation. "Moll Flanders" focuses on how work has become a central part of society, illustrating the dangers of overemphasizing the importance of work. In contrast, "Counterfeit Ladies" accepts the importance of work and focuses on the gender inequality and the problems women have finding suitable, socially acceptable work. By comparing the two works and the two female characters, the paper illustrates the authors' differing views.
From the Paper "In 'Moll Flanders' work is treated as a necessity of society, one that the character Moll Flanders accepts. Work is not treated as an option but as something everyone must do to be worthy of being part of society. Work being unquestionably part of life is represented by Flanders? narration at the start of the novel where she talks about places where abandoned children are cared for by being, "bred up, clothed, fed, taught, and when fit to go out, are placed out to trades or to services, so as to be well able to provide for themselves by an honest, industrious behaviour" (Defoe 1)."
Origins & evolution from colonial era, emphasizing 19th Cent. Looks at the sociocultural aspects, forms, traits of a counterfeiter, techniques, public views and protection against.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, 1994, $ 95.95
From the Paper "Counterfeiting is almost as old as the coin.. In America, in fact, counterfeiting predates coinage: within a year of landing at Plymouth Rock certain Pilgrims and their less honorable cohorts were trying to palm off counterfeit wampum - strung-together shell beads - on their Indian neighbors.. The ruse seldom worked: the Native Americans of New England were adept at running strings of wampum under their noses and ferreting out the genuine from the glass-beaded fakes. Not to be outdone, though, they seemed perfectly willing to pass off their own bogus wampum to less-perceptive new arrivals.. The tone was set. As the National Intelligencer editorialized in 1863:
It may safely be stated that the art, as pursued in the United States, is without parallel, and that without vaunt or hyperbole, we can "beat the world" on this our.."
Abstract This paper discusses the growing problem of lack of regard for copyright laws. The paper contends that the sales of counterfeit video games are increasing worldwide. The paper claims that while using copyright laws is effective, it is important to note that litigation is a slow and thorough process. The paper assesses that notice and take-down serves as a more logical and quick approach. The paper suggests that a global alliance against piracy is a clear need for the future and hopefully countries will unite to prevent future crimes.
From the Paper "Sales of counterfeit video games are increasing worldwide. In 2003, video game executives joined a coalition of movie, software and music companies to appeal for help from the United States government, citing that they had lost a combined $20 billion due to piracy in 2002 (Kent, 2003). Video game piracy "is more than a $1 billion industry," according to Douglas Lowenstein, president of the Interactive Digital Software Association, the trade organization that represents the games industry (Kent, 2003). "It is well over $2 billion worldwide if you include all piracy, which would include PC games.""
This paper is a literature review about the relationship of the regulations of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) to intellectual property protection in China especially in the area of pharmaceuticals.
Abstract This paper discusses the regulations of TRIPS section by section. The author points out that in developing countries, little respect is given to the protection of rights associated with intellectual property, especially in the area of generic and counterfeit medications, which pirate patented drugs. This becomes a particular problem in China because of the size of its population. The paper concludes that within five years China and other WTO countries will have a decrease in the infringement of intellectual property; however, the China's government will have to implement more extensive reforms in order to liberalize the domestic market in China and to allow China and other foreign companies to import and export products more freely.
Table of Contents
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Regulations of TRIPS
Exploration of the Domestic Implementations of TRIPS in Main Developed and Developing Countries
The Chinese IP Protection and TRIPS and the Problems/Impact and Recommendations of Actions to Improve
General Provisions and Basic Principles
Copyright and Related Rights
TRIPS and Public Health
TRIPS and the Convention on Biological Diversity
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper "U.S. pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies invested the approximate amount of $33.2 billion toward activities of research and development which is about 18% of the sales total of all their combined products. The discovery costs in pre-tax amounts of a new drug experienced an increase from $500 million to $880 million between 1990 and 2003 and as well the time of waiting for approval and the like has grown in length due to regulatory requirements and other associated technicalities. In order to limit the risk in the activities related to therapeutic areas the U.S. companies must find business partners and associates in China and other countries who are trustworthy."
Abstract The writer explores how a positive pay system can help reduce the incidence of check fraud for individual companies and corporations.
The paper examines shocking statistics of check fraud research and explains how positive pay works. The paper advocates the use of positive pay for a large corporation so they will detect counterfeit and unauthorized checks.
Outline:
Introduction
Some Facts
What is Check Fraud
Why Positive Pay is a Valid Option
Conclusion
From the Paper "As the world of technology continues to increase, mankind has reached heights never before imagined. Today, with the click of a mouse one can plan and pay for vacations, manage stock portfolios, shop around the world and research any topic they are interested in. It has been a significant benefit to mankind, but with the positive aspects of technology also comes some negative aspects of its use."
"Check fraud losses are on the rise throughout America. In 1999 there was an estimated loss of $15 billion due to check fraud according to statistics compiled by the United States government(Statistics http://www.ipsboston.com/pdcfpps_statistics.htm). The losses were not confined to one or two financial institutions either. Reports indicate that 99 percent of all large banks experienced check fraud loss(Statistics http://www.ipsboston.com/pdcfpps_statistics.htm)."
Abstract This paper discusses how the United States Secret Service was established on July 5, 1865 by President Lincoln, only hours before he was assassinated. It looks at how the Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency and how it was originally established to suppress counterfeit currency. The paper then examines its history and looks at how it operates today with the dual mission of keeping the nation's financial infrastructure safe as well as contending with the protection of distinguishable peoples.
From the Paper "Counterfeiting remains a large problem in the United States today because this crime has the potential to severely damage the nation's economy and its citizens, and it has become increasingly easier to make counterfeit currency. In the past, counterfeiters would use offset printing to develop counterfeit currency. However, today people simply use computers, printers, and scanners. Also, counterfeiters need only basic computer skills to make fake currency, and for this reason more and more people continue to do it. Therefore, the Secret Service has many field offices and thousands of agents. Just like when it was established in 1865, the Secret Service is still a very important branch of the government, because without it our economy could be devastated. "
Abstract This explores whether iScan's product-line would be effective in the country of Russia. The paper first looks at the iScan's target environments and demographics and the product lines being offered. The paper then discusses the international marketing process, the ethical issues within Russia, the bribery, corruption, counterfeiting, competition and technology issues and the effect of the economic slowdown on ordinary citizens. Next, the paper looks at the status of technology in Russia and the social and cultural forces of the Russian government. The paper concludes that the iScan product-line would be highly effective in Russia.
Outline:
iScan Introduction
The Economy of Russia
iScan Target Macro-Environments and Demographics
iScan Products
The Quality Necessary for Social and Cultural Forces
iScan Internationally Planned Marketing Process
The Ethical Issues
Bribery, Corruption, Counterfeiting, Competition and Technology
Religion in Russia
Weathering the Global Economic Crisis
The Status of Technology in Russia
The Social and Cultural Forces of the Russian Government
The International iScan Strategy in Russia
Growth Potential and Feasibility
The Assembly of Data
Conclusion
From the Paper "For the product introduction of iScan, short for identity Scan, the Russian market is that which is most appealing. iScan is a BMED product, a biometric (thumbprint) microchip embedded door-opener, which is used to read the thumbprint of an individual in order to ascertain their identity prior to allowing entry; more details in regards to the exact design of iScan and what sets it apart from other companies is discussed later. Given the nature of the technology, such a market is of particular relevance within many industries in Russia, particularly within government and high-level business organizations. The applications of the technology however afford more diversity in usage, something which iScan will be pursuing directly, as increasing the consumer base for the same product is a tried-and-true recipe for success."
From the Paper "MARKETING LEVI STRAUSS JEANS IN EASTERN EUROPE
Introduction
This research examines the marketing of Levi Strauss jeans in Eastern Europe. Where practical, the focus within the Eastern European region is placed on Russia and the states of the former Yugoslav federation. The results of this research are presented in seven discussions. These discussions cover company background, market definition, product image, the counterfeiting issue, the Levi Strauss strategy to combat counterfeiting, financial losses attributable to product counterfeiting, and Levi Strauss distribution channels in Eastern Europe.
Company History and Background
The Levi Strauss Company, based in the United States, is a global marketer and a global producer of wearing apparel products..."
